Hospital-acquired infections in ageing Vietnamese population: current situation and solution

MedPharmRes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thu Hoai ◽  
Nguyen Ngoc Thuy Giang ◽  
Huynh Van An
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Vietnamese Population ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is a growing problem all around the world particularly for countries with aging and high-density population such as Vietnam. In this review, we summarized the current status of HAIs in Vietnam regarding types of infection, rates of infection, hospital-stay duration and cost of treatment, and provided an overview with suggestions on strategies in combating these infections especially in Vietnamese settings. From quite dispersed and varied data reported in English and Vietnamese, we have seen HAI rates of less than 10%. Over the years, the HAIs in Vietnam remained quite stable and even slightly decreased in recent years. Among all HAIs, respiratory tract infections are the most common, occurring in up to 80% of cases. Most Vietnamese statistical data on the etiology of HAIs focused on bacterial HAIs, mostly Candidiasis, whereas limited information was found on fungal infections, nosocomial viral and other parasitic infections. The most important HAI causative pathogens in Vietnamese hospitals include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species. There is absolutely few scientific data, but web-based information on HAIs treatment cost and measures to control the infections were found. Works are reported to be implemented to control HAIs in Vietnam at both national and hospital level. However, further improvement in controlling HAIs in Vietnam should be considered.

scholarly journals EMERGENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII IN HOSPITAL FACILITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Anania Arjuna ◽  
Dinobandhu Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

ABSTRACTObjective: Nosocomial infections or Hospital acquired infection (HAI) are one of the major threats to hospitalized patients as well as for the hospitalassociated personnel. In last few years there is a gross change in causative agents, new organisms have come out with great threat to hospitals as theypossess antibiotic resistance property e.g. production of biofilm, production of enzymes such as β- lactamases. Among many organisms, Acinetobacterbaumannii has emerged as a potent nosocomial pathogen. Our objective of this study was to find the burden of Acinetobacter baumannii infectionswhich are associated as nosocomial infections and to determine the drug of choice for an effective treatment.Methods: Clinical specimens were collected from patients of different unit of the hospital by maintaining universal precautions and standardmicrobiological protocols. All the respective specimens were cultured in respective culture medium i.e. MacConkey agar, blood agar, chocolate agar,cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar and, fluid thioglycolate (TG) medium at 37˚C for 24-48 hours. After incubation of 24-48 hours cultureplates were examined for bacterial growth and identification and antibiotic sensitivity test was made by Vitek2 compact.Result: The study was conducted at the department of microbiology from January 2016 to April 2016. A total of 2582 specimens were collected andprocessed for identification and sensitivity testing. Specimens of all age group (2 days- 93 years) and both sexes were processed for identificationof A. baumannii and antibiotic sensitivity testing. A total of 119 isolates (4.60%) of A. baumannii were obtained from 2582 clinical specimens. Themost common infection A. baumannii was found as lower respiratory tract infection (89.07%) followed by abscess (6.72%), septicaemia (2.52%),urinary tract infections (0.84%), and soft tissue infections (0.84%). The maximum sensitivity of A. baumannii isolates were seen to Colistin (CL) (119,100%), followed by Tigecycline (TGC) (63, 52.94%) and Minocycline (MIN) (27, 22.69%). The maximum resistant was observed for Imipenem (IMI),Aztreonam (AZT) and Ticarcillin- clavulanic acid (TIC) (119, 100%).Conclusion: The Gram- negative coccobacillus, Acinetobacter baumannii poses a formidable threat to patients. It has emerged as a superbug inhospital environment particularly in ICU units. The chances of A. baumannii infections increase in the presence of iatrogenic factors like inadequatelong- term antibiotic therapy and new interventions in a medical facility. To control the burden of Acinetobacter infections new therapies suchas combine therapy must be obtained and followed with proper dose as recommend by physicians; along with awareness of the importance ofthis infection should be implicated. Proper sanitation, good housekeeping, sterilization of equipment, hand hygiene, water purification, isolationprocedures and maintaining of the hospital environment, use of infection control practices are some of the measures to control the transmission ofAcinetobacter spp. among hospital personnel.Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, Biofilm, β-lactamases, Hospital acquired infection.

Effect of Bacteriologic Monitoring of Urinary Catheters on Recognition and Treatment of Hospital-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay A. Jacobson ◽  
John P. Burke ◽  
Evelyn Kasworm
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Hospital Service ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Urinary Catheters ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

AbstractCatheter-associated urinary tract infections remain the most common hospital-acquired infection. Regular bacteriologie monitoring of urine from catheterized patients has been advocated as a measure for reducing the morbidity associated with this infection. To assess the effectiveness of this measure we reviewed the records of 100 catheterized patients hospitalized before implementation of a monitoring program and 200 such patients admitted after a daily monitoring program was operational. We found that culturing urine from catheterized patients was infrequent prior to monitoring but, when done, patients usually were febrile, cultures usually were positive, and patients were treated. Monitoring identified more cases of bacteriuria, but less than half of the patients so identified were treated. Being febrile was associated with receiving antibiotics. Infection rates increased with duration of catheterization; long periods of catheterization typically occurred on the neurosurgical, orthopedic, and medical services. Daily bacteriologie monitoring of all catheterized patients is relatively inefficient and does not predictably lead to therapeutic intervention in infected patients. The cost:benefit ratio of this measure might be decreased by applying it to selected patients chosen on the basis of risk factors, including hospital service assignment (Infect Control 1981; 2(3):227-232.)

Topics in Clinical Microbiology: Pseudomonas cepacia

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 281-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Stratton ◽  
William J. Gregory ◽  
Paul C. McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Severe Infection ◽  
Pseudomonas Cepacia ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Disinfectant Solution ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Underlying Diseases ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Sour Skin ◽  
Antiseptic Solutions ◽  
First Descriptions

Pseudomonas cepacia was first reported in the literature by Burkholder as a phytopathogen responsible for sour skin, a disease of onion bulbs. Similar bacteria were isolated from other sources and given various names including Pseudomonas multivorans, Pseudomonas kingii, and EO-1. The synonymy of these organisms with P. cepacia was eventually established. The first descriptions of human disease due to Pseudomonas cepacia were two reports of infective endocarditis. Subsequently, a series of postoperative urinary tract infections secondary to contaminated disinfectant solution were reported and P. cepacia became identified as a cause of nosocomial infection. P. cepacia has demonstrated a low level of virulence and invasiveness in the general population, but it has been shown to cause severe infection in patients with underlying diseases. Moreover, its nutritional versatility and ability to survive in antiseptic solutions make it a superb agent for causing hospital-acquired infection.

scholarly journals The Standardization of Hospital-Acquired Infection Rates Using Prediction Models in Iran: Observational Study of National Nosocomial Infection Registry Data

10.2196/33296 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e33296
Author(s):  
Neda Izadi ◽  
Koorosh Etemad ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
Babak Eshrati ◽  
Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background Many factors contribute to the spreading of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). Objective This study aimed to standardize the HAI rate using prediction models in Iran based on the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) method. Methods In this study, the Iranian nosocomial infections surveillance system (INIS) was used to gather data on patients with HAIs (126,314 infections). In addition, the hospital statistics and information system (AVAB) was used to collect data on hospital characteristics. First, well-performing hospitals, including 357 hospitals from all over the country, were selected. Data were randomly split into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets. Finally, the standardized infection ratio (SIR) and the corrected SIR were calculated for the HAIs. Results The mean age of the 100,110 patients with an HAI was 40.02 (SD 23.56) years. The corrected SIRs based on the observed and predicted infections for respiratory tract infections (RTIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), and bloodstream infections (BSIs) were 0.03 (95% CI 0-0.09), 1.02 (95% CI 0.95-1.09), 0.93 (95% CI 0.85-1.007), and 0.91 (95% CI 0.54-1.28), respectively. Moreover, the corrected SIRs for RTIs in the infectious disease, burn, obstetrics and gynecology, and internal medicine wards; UTIs in the burn, infectious disease, internal medicine, and intensive care unit wards; SSIs in the burn and infectious disease wards; and BSIs in most wards were >1, indicating that more HAIs were observed than expected. Conclusions The results of this study can help to promote preventive measures based on scientific evidence. They can also lead to the continuous improvement of the monitoring system by collecting and systematically analyzing data on HAIs and encourage the hospitals to better control their infection rates by establishing a benchmarking system.

Effect of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde on preformed biofilm and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli isolated from urine specimens

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Adel El-Haddad ◽  
Soha Abdel Rahman El-Hady ◽  
Amira Esmail Abdel Hamid ◽  
Hisham Abdel Majeed Fahim
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Introduction Bacteria in most environments exist as communities of sessile cells in a selfproduced polymeric matrix known as biofilms. Biofilms are responsible for more than 80% of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTI). UTI is the most common hospital acquired infection, caused mainly by Escherichia coli (E.coli). E. coli can readily form biofilm in such infections, specially in the presence of indwelling urinary catheter. It’s difficult to eradicate bacteria in biofilms, since they are shielded from the host defense mechanisms as phagocytes and antibodies, as well as antibiotics. Searching for alternative or adjuvant substances for prevention and eradication of biofilm associated infections are therefore urgently needed. Aim of the work Studying the efficacy of the trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) for preventing E. coli biofilm formation. Materials and methods Thirty isolates of E.coli were obtained from urine samples. To test the effect of TC on E.coli biofilm formation and preformed biofilms, microtitre plates (MTP) were inoculated with the isolated E.coli and were treated with different concentrations of TC and incubated at 37° C. A colorimetric assay was used to assess biofilm inhibition and inactivation and optical densities (OD) were compared before and after adding different TC concentrations. Results The mean OD of the isolated E.coli biofilms was 1.3 and significantly decreased when mixed with TC different concentrations. TC had high activity in inhibition of preformed E.coli biofilms, where no biofilm was detected on MTP treated with 1.25% and 1.5% TC. Conclusion TC inhibited the biofilm forming ability of E.coli isolates could fully inactivate formed biofilms, suggesting its possibility to be used as an anti-biofilm agent or adjuvant in preventing and treating UTI caused by biofilm producing E.coli.

scholarly journals The Standardization of Hospital-Acquired Infection Rates Using Prediction Models in Iran: Observational Study of National Nosocomial Infection Registry Data (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Izadi ◽  
Koorosh Etemad ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
Babak Eshrati ◽  
Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

BACKGROUND Many factors contribute to the spreading of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to standardize the HAI rate using prediction models in Iran based on the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) method. METHODS In this study, the Iranian nosocomial infections surveillance system (INIS) was used to gather data on patients with HAIs (126,314 infections). In addition, the hospital statistics and information system (AVAB) was used to collect data on hospital characteristics. First, well-performing hospitals, including 357 hospitals from all over the country, were selected. Data were randomly split into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets. Finally, the standardized infection ratio (SIR) and the corrected SIR were calculated for the HAIs. RESULTS The mean age of the 100,110 patients with an HAI was 40.02 (SD 23.56) years. The corrected SIRs based on the observed and predicted infections for respiratory tract infections (RTIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), and bloodstream infections (BSIs) were 0.03 (95% CI 0-0.09), 1.02 (95% CI 0.95-1.09), 0.93 (95% CI 0.85-1.007), and 0.91 (95% CI 0.54-1.28), respectively. Moreover, the corrected SIRs for RTIs in the infectious disease, burn, obstetrics and gynecology, and internal medicine wards; UTIs in the burn, infectious disease, internal medicine, and intensive care unit wards; SSIs in the burn and infectious disease wards; and BSIs in most wards were >1, indicating that more HAIs were observed than expected. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study can help to promote preventive measures based on scientific evidence. They can also lead to the continuous improvement of the monitoring system by collecting and systematically analyzing data on HAIs and encourage the hospitals to better control their infection rates by establishing a benchmarking system.

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