scholarly journals Covid-19: A pandemic here to stay!

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000249
Author(s):  
Shamshad Khan ◽  
Ashitha Nair ◽  
Md Imran Hossain ◽  
Abhinaya Shivakumar ◽  
Shabnam Cyclewala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World

Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to more than 200 countries and has become a global pandemic. There have been more than 49 million confirmed cases of Covid-19 as of 1st of November, 2020 with over 1.2 million case fatalities all over the world. The current review paper gives an update on the epidemiology, investigations modalities and treatment options including the various current treatment protocols, vaccines in development and experimental drugs in research.

Immigration Brings New Pathology with No Standardized Treatment Protocol

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-522
Author(s):  
Tara L. Harrington ◽  
Denten Eldredge ◽  
Erica K. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Standardized Treatment ◽  
Madura Foot ◽  
Antimicrobial Interventions

Madura foot is an uncommon invasive soft-tissue infection that foot and ankle specialists encounter. We present two rare cases of Phialemonium and Phaeoacremonium fungi infections of the foot diagnosed in northern California to inform physicians on the presentation and current treatment options for this unique pathology. The two cases presented outline the clinical presentations, diagnostic data, and surgical and antimicrobial interventions. There is a concentration on the antimicrobial options depending on which of the over 20 species is encountered. The pertinent literature and supporting data are reviewed to create an outline for discussion of treatment protocols when faced with these emerging opportunistic infections.

scholarly journals COVID-19: general overview, pharmacological options and ventilatory support strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Menzella ◽  
Andrea Matucci ◽  
Alessandra Vultaggio ◽  
Chiara Barbieri ◽  
Mirella Biava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
High Flow Oxygen ◽  
The World

The novel coronavirus called “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) caused an outbreak in December 2019, starting from the Chinese city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province, and rapidly spreading to the rest of the world. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) can be characterized as a pandemic. During COVID-19 several immunological alterations have been observed: in plasma of severe patients, inflammatory cytokines are at a much higher concentration (“cytokine storm”). These aspects are associated with pulmonary inflammation and parenchymal infiltrates with an extensive lung tissue damage in COVID-19 patients. To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking. In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments are currently being evaluated worldwide. Some of these options were soon abandoned due to ineffectiveness, while others showed promising results. As for ventilatory strategies, at the moment there are still no consistent data published about the different approaches and how they may influence disease progression. What will probably represent the real solution to this pandemic is the identification of a safe and effective vaccine, for which enormous efforts and investments are being put in place. This review will summarize the state-of-the-art of COVID-19 current treatment options and those potentially available in the future, as well as high flow oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation approaches.

scholarly journals ADME and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Remdesivir: Its Drug Interaction Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Subrata Deb ◽  
Anthony Allen Reeves ◽  
Robert Hopefl ◽  
Rebecca Bejusca
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic, which tested healthcare systems, administrations, and treatment ingenuity across the world. COVID-19 is caused by the novel beta coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the inception of the pandemic, treatment options have been either limited or ineffective. Remdesivir, a drug originally designed to be used for Ebola virus, has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and has been included in the COVID-19 treatment regimens. Remdesivir is an adenosine nucleotide analog prodrug that is metabolically activated to a nucleoside triphosphate metabolite (GS-443902). The active nucleoside triphosphate metabolite is incorporated into the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral chains, preventing its replication. The lack of reported drug development and characterization studies with remdesivir in public domain has created a void where information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME) properties, pharmacokinetics (PK), or drug-drug interaction (DDI) is limited. By understanding these properties, clinicians can prevent subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic levels of remdesivir and thus avoid further complications in COVID-19 patients. Remdesivir is metabolized by both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and non-CYP enzymes such as carboxylesterases. In this narrative review, we have evaluated the currently available ADME, PK, and DDI information about remdesivir and have discussed the potential of DDIs between remdesivir and different COVID-19 drug regimens and agents used for comorbidities. Considering the nascent status of remdesivir in the therapeutic domain, extensive future work is needed to formulate safer COVID-19 treatment guidelines involving this medication.

scholarly journals Therapeutic role of corticosteroids in COVID-19: a systematic review of registered clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Raju ◽  
Prajith V. ◽  
Pratheeksha Sojan Biatris ◽  
Sam Johnson Udaya Chander J.
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
World Health ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Clinical Trial Registries ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 as a global pandemic. Though antiviral drugs and antimalarial drugs are considered treatment options for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), no specific antivirals are currently available for its treatment. Efficient use of drug discovery approaches including repurposing or repositioning of drugs used in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is considered recently. The widespread application of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 should be backed with careful documented pragmatic research of its use in this context. Main body This article aims to analyze various trials registered across the globe providing an overall picture of the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of COVID-19. An extensive search was conducted on the clinical trial registries around the world to identify all the trials reporting information regarding the use of corticosteroids in COVID-19. Our initial search returned 231 trials, out of which 60 trials were finally included in the analysis. Fifty-six studies were interventional trials, and all the trials had clearly defined primary and secondary outcomes of interest, of which only 11 trials had evaluation of respiratory rate as one of their outcomes. Conclusion Few preliminary trial findings show promising results and recommend the use of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone in the severe form of the disease; however, there is insufficient data to prove its benefits over its risks. Routine use of corticosteroids should be favored only after a better insight is obtained, with the completion of these trials.

scholarly journals A Narrative Review of Existing Options for COVID-19-Specific Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir ◽  
Abdul Hasan Siddiqui ◽  
Gautam Valecha ◽  
Shawn Patel ◽  
Fatima Ayub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Multiple Drugs

The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic in early 2020. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected morbidity and mortality tremendously. Even though multiple drugs are being used throughout the world since the advent of COVID-19, only limited treatment options are available for COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeting various pathologic aspects of the disease are being explored. Multiple studies have been published to demonstrate their clinical efficacy until now. Based on the current evidence to date, we summarized the mechanism, roles, and side effects of all existing treatment options to target this potentially fatal virus.

scholarly journals Emergent Nanotechnological Strategies for Systemic Chemotherapy against Melanoma

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta Oliveira Pinho ◽  
Mariana Matias ◽  
Maria Manuela Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Aggressive Form ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Melanoma Treatment ◽  
Clinical Experiments

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer, being one of the deadliest cancers in the world. The current treatment options involve surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and the use of chemotherapeutic agents. Although the last approach is the most used, the high toxicity and the lack of efficacy in advanced stages of the disease have demanded the search for novel bioactive molecules and/or efficient drug delivery systems. The current review aims to discuss the most recent advances on the elucidation of potential targets for melanoma treatment, such as aquaporin-3 and tyrosinase. In addition, the role of nanotechnology as a valuable strategy to effectively deliver selective drugs is emphasized, either incorporating/encapsulating synthetic molecules or natural-derived compounds in lipid-based nanosystems such as liposomes. Nanoformulated compounds have been explored for their improved anticancer activity against melanoma and promising results have been obtained. Indeed, they displayed improved physicochemical properties and higher accumulation in tumoral tissues, which potentiated the efficacy of the compounds in pre-clinical experiments. Overall, these experiments opened new doors for the discovery and development of more effective drug formulations for melanoma treatment.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology Integration for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis and Treatment: An Approach to Preventing Pandemic

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1841
Author(s):  
Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq ◽  
Abu Md Ashif Ikbal ◽  
Ram Kumar Sahu ◽  
Bedanta Bhattacharjee ◽  
Tirna Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Medications ◽  
Nucleoside Inhibitors

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is the COVID-19 disease, which has caused massive health devastation, prompting the World Health Organization to declare a worldwide health emergency. The corona virus infected millions of people worldwide, and many died as a result of a lack of particular medications. The current emergency necessitates extensive therapy in order to stop the spread of the coronavirus. There are various vaccinations available, but no validated COVID-19 treatments. Since its outbreak, many therapeutics have been tested, including the use of repurposed medications, nucleoside inhibitors, protease inhibitors, broad spectrum antivirals, convalescence plasma therapies, immune-modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. However, these approaches have not yielded any outcomes and are mostly used to alleviate symptoms associated with potentially fatal adverse drug reactions. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, may prove to be an effective treatment for COVID-19. They can be designed to boost the efficacy of currently available antiviral medications or to trigger a rapid immune response against COVID-19. In the last decade, there has been significant progress in nanotechnology. This review focuses on the virus’s basic structure, pathogenesis, and current treatment options for COVID-19. This study addresses nanotechnology and its applications in diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and targeted vaccine delivery, laying the groundwork for a successful pandemic fight.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Treatment Options for Coronavirus Disease-19 in Renal Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jonny ◽  
Laurencia Violetta ◽  
Arief Sjamsulaksan Kartasasmita ◽  
Rully Marsis Amirullah Roesli ◽  
Coriejati Rita
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Kidney Dysfunction ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Specific Guideline ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Risk Patients

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including dialysis and transplant patients, are at greater risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 due to kidney dysfunction and preexisting comorbidities. To date, a specific guideline on managing these high-risk patients infected with COVID-19 has not been established. As the current management of COVID-19 comprises mainly experimental drugs, the authors aim to provide information on dosing adjustments at different stages of kidney dysfunction and notable renal side effects. We performed a nonsystematical review of currently available COVID-19 drugs exploring several different clinical trial databases and search browsers. Several antivirals and monoclonal antibodies used in COVID-19 treatment require dosage adjustments in kidney dysfunction. In a global pandemic setting, nephrologists need to consider the appropriate dosage according to the renal function and closely monitor the side effects of different drug combinations to obtain the optimum therapeutic effect while avoiding further renal damage. Further studies are required to determine the safety and efficacy of these drugs in renal patients.

scholarly journals Leishmania Immunity: Advancing Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nnamdi M. Ikeogu ◽  
Gloria N. Akaluka ◽  
Chidalu A. Edechi ◽  
Enitan S. Salako ◽  
Chukwunonso Onyilagha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Protozoan Infections ◽  
Health Organization

Parasitic diseases still constitute a major global health problem affecting billions of people around the world. These diseases are capable of becoming chronic and result in high morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, millions of people die each year from parasitic diseases, with the bulk of those deaths resulting from parasitic protozoan infections. Leishmaniasis, which is a disease caused by over 20 species of the protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania, is an important neglected disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 12 million people are currently infected in about 98 countries and about 2 million new cases occur yearly, resulting in about 50,000 deaths each year. Current treatment methods for leishmaniasis are not very effective and often have significant side effects. In this review, we discussed host immunity to leishmaniasis, various treatment options currently being utilized, and the progress of both immunotherapy and vaccine development strategies used so far in leishmaniasis. We concluded with insights into what the future holds toward the fight against this debilitating parasitic disease.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the efficacy and outcome of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone in moderate to severe COVID-19 disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Praveen B Gautam ◽  
Arunesh Kumar ◽  
Babu Lal Kannojia ◽  
Rajendra Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Divided Dose ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean

Background: COVID-19 disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the first half of 2020 COVID-19 disease has already converted into a global pandemic. Many treatment options were explored through the world. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy and outcome of methylprednisolone (MTP) and dexamethasone (DEXA) in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 disease. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 140 moderate to severe COVID-19 patients were enrolled from 15 April to June 15, 2021. These patients were randomly allocated into two groups, 70 patients were received MTP 2 mg/kg/day for 3 days followed by 1.0 mg/kg/day for 3 days in divided doses while 70 patients received DEXA 8 mg/day in divided dose up to 10 days. Results: The mean age was 45.5 years in MTP group whereas 45.34 years in DEXA group. The clinical outcome in MTP group and DEXA group was assessed in terms of clinical improvement (92.85% vs. 81.42%), radiological improvement (82.85% vs. 68.57%), transfer to ICU (5.71 vs. 14.57%), needs of ventilatory support (2.85% vs. 8.57%) and mortality (7.14% vs. 18.57%) respectively. Conclusion: In this study, MTP demonstrated better outcome as compared to DEXA in COVID-19 patients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document