scholarly journals COVID-19: general overview, pharmacological options and ventilatory support strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Menzella ◽  
Andrea Matucci ◽  
Alessandra Vultaggio ◽  
Chiara Barbieri ◽  
Mirella Biava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
High Flow Oxygen ◽  
The World

The novel coronavirus called “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) caused an outbreak in December 2019, starting from the Chinese city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province, and rapidly spreading to the rest of the world. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) can be characterized as a pandemic. During COVID-19 several immunological alterations have been observed: in plasma of severe patients, inflammatory cytokines are at a much higher concentration (“cytokine storm”). These aspects are associated with pulmonary inflammation and parenchymal infiltrates with an extensive lung tissue damage in COVID-19 patients. To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking. In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments are currently being evaluated worldwide. Some of these options were soon abandoned due to ineffectiveness, while others showed promising results. As for ventilatory strategies, at the moment there are still no consistent data published about the different approaches and how they may influence disease progression. What will probably represent the real solution to this pandemic is the identification of a safe and effective vaccine, for which enormous efforts and investments are being put in place. This review will summarize the state-of-the-art of COVID-19 current treatment options and those potentially available in the future, as well as high flow oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation approaches.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology Integration for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis and Treatment: An Approach to Preventing Pandemic

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1841
Author(s):  
Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq ◽  
Abu Md Ashif Ikbal ◽  
Ram Kumar Sahu ◽  
Bedanta Bhattacharjee ◽  
Tirna Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Medications ◽  
Nucleoside Inhibitors

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is the COVID-19 disease, which has caused massive health devastation, prompting the World Health Organization to declare a worldwide health emergency. The corona virus infected millions of people worldwide, and many died as a result of a lack of particular medications. The current emergency necessitates extensive therapy in order to stop the spread of the coronavirus. There are various vaccinations available, but no validated COVID-19 treatments. Since its outbreak, many therapeutics have been tested, including the use of repurposed medications, nucleoside inhibitors, protease inhibitors, broad spectrum antivirals, convalescence plasma therapies, immune-modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. However, these approaches have not yielded any outcomes and are mostly used to alleviate symptoms associated with potentially fatal adverse drug reactions. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, may prove to be an effective treatment for COVID-19. They can be designed to boost the efficacy of currently available antiviral medications or to trigger a rapid immune response against COVID-19. In the last decade, there has been significant progress in nanotechnology. This review focuses on the virus’s basic structure, pathogenesis, and current treatment options for COVID-19. This study addresses nanotechnology and its applications in diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and targeted vaccine delivery, laying the groundwork for a successful pandemic fight.

scholarly journals Leishmania Immunity: Advancing Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nnamdi M. Ikeogu ◽  
Gloria N. Akaluka ◽  
Chidalu A. Edechi ◽  
Enitan S. Salako ◽  
Chukwunonso Onyilagha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Protozoan Infections ◽  
Health Organization

Parasitic diseases still constitute a major global health problem affecting billions of people around the world. These diseases are capable of becoming chronic and result in high morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, millions of people die each year from parasitic diseases, with the bulk of those deaths resulting from parasitic protozoan infections. Leishmaniasis, which is a disease caused by over 20 species of the protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania, is an important neglected disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 12 million people are currently infected in about 98 countries and about 2 million new cases occur yearly, resulting in about 50,000 deaths each year. Current treatment methods for leishmaniasis are not very effective and often have significant side effects. In this review, we discussed host immunity to leishmaniasis, various treatment options currently being utilized, and the progress of both immunotherapy and vaccine development strategies used so far in leishmaniasis. We concluded with insights into what the future holds toward the fight against this debilitating parasitic disease.

Treatment Options in COVID-19: The Role of Bioavailable Antiviral Ribonucleoside Analog on NHC in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities on January 7, 2020 and was provisionally named "2019-nCoV". This new Coronavirus causes a clinical picture which has received now the name COVID-19. The virus has spread subsequently worldwide and was explained on the 11th of March, 2020 by the World Health Organization to the pandemic.

Critical Insight into the Attributes of Emerging Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in India and Across the World

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Gaurav M. Doshi ◽  
Hemen S. Ved ◽  
Ami P. Thakkar
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Old Drugs

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently announced the spread of novel coronavirus (nCoV) globally and has declared it a pandemic. The probable source of transmission of the virus, which is from animal to human and human to human contact, has been established. As per the statistics reported by the WHO on 11th April 2020, data has shown that more than sixteen lakh confirmed cases have been identified globally. The reported cases related to nCoV in India have been rising substantially. The review article discusses the characteristics of nCoV in detail with the probability of potentially effective old drugs that may inhibit the virus. The research may further emphasize and draw the attention of the world towards the development of an effective vaccine as well as alternative therapies. Moreover, the article will help to bridge the gap between the new researchers since it’s the current thrust area of research.

The Pandemic of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Need for an Immediate Action (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujib Ullah
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

UNSTRUCTURED Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses. Coronavirus also called COVID-19 is a new disease that has not been previously identified in humans. The World Health Organization has announced that COVID-19 is a pandemic. Currently there is no specific vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. Current treatment for COVID-19 is only supportive (treating the symptoms). There are no antiviral or vaccine options at this time. Therefore, it is time to bring collective efforts to treat or prevent a rapidly evolving pandemic of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapeutic management of chronic viral hepatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mitea ◽  
Marius Daniel Radu ◽  
Ana Maria Ionescu ◽  
Nicoleta Blebea
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In infectious diseases, viral hepatitis has an increased incidence, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, being a "sentinel" indicator of the socio-economic and hygienic-cultural standard of a geographical area. The World Health Organization (WHO) admits the following types of hepatitis viruses: A, B, B + D, C, E, F and G. Among the viral entities recognized by the WHO, a special importance in terms of incidence, evolution over time with the risk of chronicity and the therapeutic options are presented by hepatitis B and C. There is currently an effective vaccine as well as treatment for hepatitis B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but in recent years considerable progress has been made in treating this disease. Also, the introduction of drugs known as direct-acting antivirals makes it possible to cure over 90% of patients within 2-3 months. But in many countries, current drug policies, regulations and prices keep treatment out of the reach of most people with hepatitis. Eradication of viral hepatitis is possible if greater emphasis is placed on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Vaccination is very important, as it is possible for types A and B of hepatitis. Early diagnosis is also extremely important, given that there are currently very effective drugs that can prevent the development of liver cancer. The WHO also noted that about two million people worldwide become ill each year due to the reuse of syringes and stressed the importance of checking blood donors to see if they are not carriers of hepatitis B or C viruses. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to highlight the pharmacological treatment and the main therapeutic and prevention schemes currently used for patients with these liver diseases. The paper was based on the most popular methods of identification of the latest international information about the treatment of hepatitis (by electronic search using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, GoogleScholar and Web of Science). We also consulted the global literature cited in the hepatitis database of the World Health Organization (WHO) updated frequent from the current literature on this topic.

scholarly journals A review of post infectious pulmonary fibrosis in the era of COVID-19 and potential treatment options

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Medha Ghose ◽  
Maehali Patel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Infectious

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a statement characterizing COVID-19 as a pandemic that has, as of October 2020, caused almost 36 million confirmed global cases and over 1 million deaths. One of the long-term complications suggested by researchers is fibrosis. It has been hypothesized that the combination of ongoing pulmonary injury caused by COVID-19 and the inability to promptly repair damage results in interstitial matrix widening and eventual compression and destruction of alveoli and capillaries. Here we focus on pathogenesis, risk factors, different infectious causes of fibrosis along with COVID-19, and potential treatment options that might reduce its effects. Key words: COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, mechanism, treatment

scholarly journals INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA SHODHANA KARMA- A CASE REPORT

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-173
Author(s):  
Pooja .S. Dhuria ◽  
Prathima
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Female Infertility ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
The World ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Consecutive Cycle

Purpose: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that 60 to 80 million couples worldwide currently suffer from infertility. The female infertility has becomes major issue in current scenario due to the increasing number of incidences day by day. In India alone many couples suffers from infertility. The treatment options of female infertility also improving and traditional system of medicine such as Ayurveda describes female infertility broadly with its treatment protocol.Infertility affects women of reproductive age group all over the world. The infertility can be primary or secondary. Panchakarma can treat infertility successfully using various methods along with Ayurvedic formulations. Methodology: A Female Patient of 26 year came to OPD presenting with the complaints of inability to Conceive. Patient was complaining of delayed and heavy menstrual Periods as a clinical feature of PCOD which was diagnosed in USG report Patient was treated with Panchakarma and Ayurvedic Oral medicine. Vamana karma was done and in next Consecutive Cycle Patient got conceived. Result: In next Consecutive Cycle Patient got conceived and she is under regular Antenatal check up. Conclusion: Infertility is defined as a failure to conceive within one year or more years of regular unprotected coitus. PCOD occurs due to an imbalance caused by any of the three Doshas which affect the fertility of the female. These causes increase of Kapha and Vata Dosha and cause the formation of the multiple cysts in ovaries leading to anovulatory periods followed by obesity, hirustitsm. Vamana Karma helps in Strotoshudhi and help in the kapha disorders. Pushpadhanwa rasa act on the Manashanthi and Garbhakrut. Ashwagandha Ksheerpaka acts as Garbhasthapaka and Rasayana. The present study reveals the effective management of infertility associated with PCOD was managed by Shodana and Garbhasthapaka oushadhi KEYWORDS: PCOS, Artava Dusti ,Sthoulya, Infertility

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance: current issues and future strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Scarafile
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
The World

The antibiotic resistance (antimicrobial resistance – AMR) and the particular emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains, is a problem of clinical relevance involving serious threats to public health worldwide. From early this decade, a lot of studies have demonstrated a significant increase in the rates of antibiotic resistance by bacterial pathogens responsible for nosocomial and community infections all over the world. The AMR leads to a reduced drug efficacy in the treatment options available and therefore, to an increase in mortality rates. The original causes of the phenomenon are: environmental factors which favor a mutation of the genetic bacterial inheritance, thereby inhibiting the active ingredient of the antibiotics; unsuitable administering of antibiotics in veterinary, incorrect taking both in hospitals and at home and, lately, lack of investments in the development of new drugs. The alarming epidemiological data prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 to coin the slogan "No action today, no cure tomorrow" in order to immediately implement a new strategy to improve the use of available drugs and to accelerate the introduction of new ones through a new phase of research involving private and public institutions. The European Union has stressed that the surveillance is considered an essential factor for an effective response to this problem but it has also highlighted that the results produced have been lower than expectations because of serious shortcomings such as lack of methodological standards, insufficient data sharing and no coordination among European countries. In Italy the situation is much more troubling; in fact, according to the Ministry of Health, 5000-7000 yearly deaths are deemed due to nosocomial infections, with an annual cost of more than 100 million €.These figures explain how the fight against infections is far from being won. The purpose of this review is to analyze the basic causes of the recurrence of the phenomenon, to explain the steps taken by the most important international organizations to face AMR and finally to suggest a possible way to search for new classes of antibiotics.

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