scholarly journals A Narrative Review of Existing Options for COVID-19-Specific Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir ◽  
Abdul Hasan Siddiqui ◽  
Gautam Valecha ◽  
Shawn Patel ◽  
Fatima Ayub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Multiple Drugs

The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic in early 2020. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected morbidity and mortality tremendously. Even though multiple drugs are being used throughout the world since the advent of COVID-19, only limited treatment options are available for COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeting various pathologic aspects of the disease are being explored. Multiple studies have been published to demonstrate their clinical efficacy until now. Based on the current evidence to date, we summarized the mechanism, roles, and side effects of all existing treatment options to target this potentially fatal virus.

scholarly journals Candidates for treatment of COVID-19: current scenario and way forwards

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3273
Author(s):  
M. Abu Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Health Organization

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread across the globe resulting in a pandemic affecting 215 countries. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in more than 15,000,000 patients and associated with over 1,00,000 deaths globally (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization). In this review, we herein summarize the current evidence as on May 15, 2020 to provide guidance on potentially beneficial drugs in COVID-19 treatment or prophylaxis, their scientific rationale and their clinical efficacy and safety. New data continue to emerge daily regarding clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes for COVID-19. Optimized supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy, and the clinical efficacy for many potential therapeutic agents is still under investigation.

scholarly journals ADME and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Remdesivir: Its Drug Interaction Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Subrata Deb ◽  
Anthony Allen Reeves ◽  
Robert Hopefl ◽  
Rebecca Bejusca
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic, which tested healthcare systems, administrations, and treatment ingenuity across the world. COVID-19 is caused by the novel beta coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the inception of the pandemic, treatment options have been either limited or ineffective. Remdesivir, a drug originally designed to be used for Ebola virus, has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and has been included in the COVID-19 treatment regimens. Remdesivir is an adenosine nucleotide analog prodrug that is metabolically activated to a nucleoside triphosphate metabolite (GS-443902). The active nucleoside triphosphate metabolite is incorporated into the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral chains, preventing its replication. The lack of reported drug development and characterization studies with remdesivir in public domain has created a void where information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME) properties, pharmacokinetics (PK), or drug-drug interaction (DDI) is limited. By understanding these properties, clinicians can prevent subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic levels of remdesivir and thus avoid further complications in COVID-19 patients. Remdesivir is metabolized by both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and non-CYP enzymes such as carboxylesterases. In this narrative review, we have evaluated the currently available ADME, PK, and DDI information about remdesivir and have discussed the potential of DDIs between remdesivir and different COVID-19 drug regimens and agents used for comorbidities. Considering the nascent status of remdesivir in the therapeutic domain, extensive future work is needed to formulate safer COVID-19 treatment guidelines involving this medication.

scholarly journals Therapeutic role of corticosteroids in COVID-19: a systematic review of registered clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Raju ◽  
Prajith V. ◽  
Pratheeksha Sojan Biatris ◽  
Sam Johnson Udaya Chander J.
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
World Health ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Clinical Trial Registries ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 as a global pandemic. Though antiviral drugs and antimalarial drugs are considered treatment options for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), no specific antivirals are currently available for its treatment. Efficient use of drug discovery approaches including repurposing or repositioning of drugs used in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is considered recently. The widespread application of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 should be backed with careful documented pragmatic research of its use in this context. Main body This article aims to analyze various trials registered across the globe providing an overall picture of the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of COVID-19. An extensive search was conducted on the clinical trial registries around the world to identify all the trials reporting information regarding the use of corticosteroids in COVID-19. Our initial search returned 231 trials, out of which 60 trials were finally included in the analysis. Fifty-six studies were interventional trials, and all the trials had clearly defined primary and secondary outcomes of interest, of which only 11 trials had evaluation of respiratory rate as one of their outcomes. Conclusion Few preliminary trial findings show promising results and recommend the use of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone in the severe form of the disease; however, there is insufficient data to prove its benefits over its risks. Routine use of corticosteroids should be favored only after a better insight is obtained, with the completion of these trials.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Endothelial Dysfunction: Biomarkers and Potential Drug Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Andrianto Andrianto ◽  
Ronaldi Rizkiawan ◽  
Primasitha Maharany Harsoyo
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Worldwide Population ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Online Library ◽  
Multiple Drugs ◽  
Von Willebrand

Since the fi rst report of pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan by the end of 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic; causing millions of deaths globally and aff ecting the rest of worldwide population. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which enters hosts by inhabiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors expressed in the endothelium layer of not only the respiratory tracts, but also various organs in the body. COVID-19 has been reported to trigger multiple cardiovascular manifestations. Since endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in cardiovascular events and the endothelium is heavily involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology, it is important to investigate their associations and previously established drug potencies to improve endothelial functions as possible treatment options for COVID-19. In this review, we summarize endothelial dysfunction biomarkers involved in COVID-19 and drugs that have shown potential endothelial protective properties to better understand the incidence of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 and its future treatment. We searched in PubMed, Wiley Online Library, EBSCO, ScienceDirect databases for literatures containing following keywords: “Endothelial dysfunction”, “COVID-19”, and “biomarkers”. Eligible publications were then assessed and studied to comprise our literature review. A total of 96 studies matched our criteria and provided scientifi c evidences for our review. Materials were then compiled into a review summarizing endothelial biomarkers involved in COVID-19 and potentially repurposed drugs targeting endothelium for COVID-19.Various endothelial dysfunction biomarkers were found to be elevated in COVID19 and is found to be related to its severity, such as adhesion molecules, selectins, PAI-1, and von Willebrand Factors. Multiple drugs targeting the endothelium are also potential and some are under investigation for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Review of Coronavirus disease- 2019 (COVID-19) in Iraq

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 023-030
Author(s):  
Huda Sahib Abdul Mohammed Al-Rawazq
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is quickly spreading to the rest of the world, from its origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. And becoming a global pandemic that affects the world's most powerful countries. The goal of this review is to assist scientists, researchers, and others in responding to the current Coronavirus disease (covid-19) is a worldwide public health contingency state. This review discusses current evidence based on recently published studies which is related to the origin of the virus, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and all studies in Iraq for the effect of covid-19 diseases, as well as provide a reference for future researchers. The findings of this review show significant differences across gender, age group, area of residence, environmental agents (temperature, humidity), and people with chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, respiratory disorders, and immunocompromised disease). To control the pandemic, information about COVID-19 was disseminated to people, including wearing a face mask and using a social distancing strategy as an effective tool for controlling COVID-19. More education and progress are required to convince the public that the vaccine is both effective and safe.

scholarly journals PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF COVID-19 – A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
JEEJA MATHUMMEL CHERUMANALIL ◽  
JAYAKRISHNAN THAYYIL
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Study Protocols ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Now the world stands in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with its early origin from Wuhan city in China. It has evolved into a global pandemic resulting into a significant burden to the human race. As per WHO, on July 31, 2020, there were 170 million cases reported all over the world, with 6.73 lakhs deaths. There is no effective treatment so far discovered for the severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV2. Many pharmacological agents/therapies are being used or considered for treatment. In many countries, physicians are giving COVID-19 patients treatment that has not been approved for this disease. They are treating patients using medications outside their indicated, approved uses and without study protocols, with little scientific evidence. At present, there is no evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that any potential therapy improves outcomes in patients with COVID-19. There are no clinical trial data supporting any prophylactic therapy. Along with Solidarity trial, many active clinical treatment trials are underway. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding major proposed treatments, repurposed or experimental, for COVID-19 and provides a summary of current clinical experience and treatment guidance for this pandemic novel coronavirus.

scholarly journals Utilization of Magnesium for the Treatment of Chronic Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Urits ◽  
Jai Won Jung ◽  
Ariunzaya Amgalan ◽  
Luc Fortier ◽  
Anthony Anya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
International Association ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Chronic Pain Management ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Psychological Therapies

Context: The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines chronic pain as pain that persists or recurs for longer than 3 months. Chronic pain has a significant global disease burden with profound effects on health, quality of life, and socioeconomic costs. Evidence Acquisition: Narrative review. Results: There are several treatment options, including pharmacological therapy, physical rehabilitation, psychological therapies, and surgical interventions, for chronic pain management. Magnesium has been FDA-approved for several indications including hypomagnesemia, arrhythmia, prevention of seizures in eclampsia/preeclampsia, and constipation. Magnesium has been used for numerous off-label uses, notably for acute and chronic pain management. The mechanism of magnesium in pain management is primarily through its action as a voltage-gated antagonist of NMDA receptors, which are involved in pain transduction. Conclusions: This narrative review will focus on the current evidence and data surrounding the utilization of magnesium as a treatment option for chronic pain.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Treatment Options for Coronavirus Disease-19 in Renal Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jonny ◽  
Laurencia Violetta ◽  
Arief Sjamsulaksan Kartasasmita ◽  
Rully Marsis Amirullah Roesli ◽  
Coriejati Rita
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Kidney Dysfunction ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Specific Guideline ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Risk Patients

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including dialysis and transplant patients, are at greater risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 due to kidney dysfunction and preexisting comorbidities. To date, a specific guideline on managing these high-risk patients infected with COVID-19 has not been established. As the current management of COVID-19 comprises mainly experimental drugs, the authors aim to provide information on dosing adjustments at different stages of kidney dysfunction and notable renal side effects. We performed a nonsystematical review of currently available COVID-19 drugs exploring several different clinical trial databases and search browsers. Several antivirals and monoclonal antibodies used in COVID-19 treatment require dosage adjustments in kidney dysfunction. In a global pandemic setting, nephrologists need to consider the appropriate dosage according to the renal function and closely monitor the side effects of different drug combinations to obtain the optimum therapeutic effect while avoiding further renal damage. Further studies are required to determine the safety and efficacy of these drugs in renal patients.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Rationale and Clinical Efficacy of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Simone Schiavo ◽  
Julian DeBacker ◽  
Carine Djaiani ◽  
Anuj Bhatia ◽  
Marina Englesakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Chronic Neuropathic Pain

Background. Chronic neuropathic pain is a condition affecting an increasing proportion of the general population and its management requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary program. A growing body of evidence supports the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in several chronic neuropathic pain conditions; however, its role and efficacy remain unclear. Purpose. To summarize current evidence for the mechanistic rationale of HBOT in chronic neuropathic pain conditions and to evaluate its clinical efficacy. Methods. This narrative review was conducted after searching the following databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PsycINFO, the Web of Science, Scopus, ClinicalTrials. gov, WHO ICTRP, and ProQuest Digital Dissertation) from January 1946 to March 2020. Articles published in English that involved either animal or human studies with acute or chronic neuropathic pain evaluating any HBOT-related intervention were included. Results. A total of 2971 citations were identified. A total of 29 studies were included in this review. The mechanisms of action for HBOT use in neuropathic conditions included the primary effects of hyperoxia and edema resolution, as well as the secondary effects pertinent to the production of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species (serving as pain signaling molecules), nitric oxide-dependent release of opioid peptides, and reduction of inflammatory mediators. A robust evidence for HBOT use in the clinical setting was associated with chronic regional pain syndrome and chronic primary bladder pain syndrome. Some evidence supported its use for chronic secondary (peripheral) neuropathic pain including radiation-induced plexus neuropathies, postherpetic neuralgia, and trigeminal neuralgia. Conclusions. HBOT has been shown to have antinociceptive and analgesic effects in animal models of inflammatory, neuropathic, and chronic pain. Human studies demonstrated beneficial effects of HBOT in improving clinical outcomes such as pain scores, pain-related symptoms, and quality of life. A systematic methodology of HBOT application is necessary to confirm its safety and efficacy.

scholarly journals Candidates for Treatment of Novel Corona virus disease, COVID-19: Current Scenario and Way Forwards

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Abu Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Health Organization

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread across the globe resulting in a pandemic affecting 215 countries. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in more than 15,000,000 patients and associated with over 1,00,000 deaths globally (Canters for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization). In this review, we herein summarize the current evidence as on June 15, 2020 to provide guidance on potential drugs for COVID-19 treatment or prophylaxis, their scientific rationale and their clinical efficacy and safety. New data continue to emerges daily regarding clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes for COVID-19. Optimized supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy, and the clinical efficacy for the potential therapeutic agents is still under investigation.

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