Does the melatonin supplementation decrease the severity of the outcomes in COVID-19 patients? A mini review of observational data in the in vivo and in vitro studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-359
Author(s):  
Mohammad Gholizadeh ◽  
Faezeh Abaj ◽  
Hossein Hasani ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Khadijeh Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Critical Conditions

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and there is no specific treatment for reducing the severity of this disease up to date. The majority of the treatments remain supportive and empirical. The aim of present study is to assess the relationship between melatonin supplementation and its effect on the severity of the outcomes in covid-19 patients. All published studies up to April 4 of 2021 were searched by using the databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS and Google Scholar.  Finally, 201 studies have been acquired.      After screening titles, abstracts and justifying the inclusion criteria, eight studies were finally selected in our study. Four studies were observational and case series with total 216,792 participants. Three studies performed on laboratory in the molecular level and one was carried out in mice. The results have suggested that melatonin decreases the severity of the outcomes of COVID-19 patients in their early stage or even in their critical conditions. Furthermore, the melatonin decreases pneumonia and reduces the ground glass lung damage observed in the image findings. Also, it plays an important role as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and antioxidant activities. Melatonin inhibits the main protease of sares-cov-2 virus and decreases the viral load in molecular level. Regarding the in vivo studies, melatonin is more effective for reducing acute lung injury than other treatments. Although, further clinical studies are required.

scholarly journals An Overview of Structural Aspects and Health Beneficial Effects of Antioxidant Oligosaccharides

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 1759-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane F. Vieira ◽  
Rúbia C. G. Corrêa ◽  
Rosely A. Peralta ◽  
Regina F. Peralta-Muniz-Moreira ◽  
Adelar Bracht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
In Vivo Studies

Background: Non-digestible oligosaccharides are versatile sources of chemical diversity, well known for their prebiotic actions, found naturally in plants or produced by chemical or enzymatic synthesis or by hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Compared to polyphenols or even polysaccharides, the antioxidant potential of oligosaccharides is still unexplored. The aim of the present work was to provide an up-to-date, broad and critical contribution on the topic of antioxidant oligosaccharides. Methods: The search was performed by crossing the words oligosaccharides and antioxidant. Whenever possible, attempts at establishing correlations between chemical structure and antioxidant activity were undertaken. Results: The most representative in vitro and in vivo studies were compiled in two tables. Chitooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides and their derivatives were the most studied up to now. The antioxidant activities of oligosaccharides depend on the degree of polymerization and the method used for depolymerization. Other factors influencing the antioxidant strength are solubility, monosaccharide composition, the type of glycosidic linkages of the side chains, molecular weight, reducing sugar content, the presence of phenolic groups such as ferulic acid, and the presence of uronic acid, among others. Modification of the antioxidant capacity of oligosaccharides has been achieved by adding diverse organic groups to their structures, thus increasing also the spectrum of potentially useful molecules. Conclusion: A great amount of high-quality evidence has been accumulating during the last decade in support of a meaningful antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides and derivatives. Ingestion of antioxidant oligosaccharides can be visualized as beneficial to human and animal health.

scholarly journals Nutraceutical Activity in Osteoarthritis Biology: A Focus on the Nutrigenomic Role

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Stefania D’Adamo ◽  
Silvia Cetrullo ◽  
Veronica Panichi ◽  
Erminia Mariani ◽  
Flavio Flamigni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Wide Range

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease associated to age or conditions that precipitate aging of articular cartilage, a post-mitotic tissue that remains functional until the failure of major homeostatic mechanisms. OA severely impacts the national health system costs and patients’ quality of life because of pain and disability. It is a whole-joint disease sustained by inflammatory and oxidative signaling pathways and marked epigenetic changes responsible for catabolism of the cartilage extracellular matrix. OA usually progresses until its severity requires joint arthroplasty. To delay this progression and to improve symptoms, a wide range of naturally derived compounds have been proposed and are summarized in this review. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have provided proof of principle that many of these nutraceuticals are able to exert pleiotropic and synergistic effects and effectively counteract OA pathogenesis by exerting both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and by tuning major OA-related signaling pathways. The latter are the basis for the nutrigenomic role played by some of these compounds, given the marked changes in the transcriptome, miRNome, and methylome. Ongoing and future clinical trials will hopefully confirm the disease-modifying ability of these bioactive molecules in OA patients.

scholarly journals Natural Nrf2 Activators from Juices, Wines, Coffee, and Cocoa

Beverages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Mallique Qader ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Yuejun Yang ◽  
Yuancai Liu ◽  
Shugeng Cao
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
In Vivo Studies

Juices, wine, coffee, and cocoa are rich sources of natural polyphenolic compounds that have potent antioxidant activities proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. These polyphenolic compounds quench reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) or reactive free radicals and act as natural antioxidants which are also able to protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage, which elevates cellular antioxidant capacity to induce antioxidant defense mechanisms by modulating transcription factors. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor encoded in humans. It is activated as a result of oxidative stress and induces the expression of its target genes. This is one of the most important cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. However, the oxidative stress alone is not enough to activate Nrf2. Hence phytochemicals, especially polyphenolics, act as natural Nrf2 activators. Herein, this review discusses the natural products identified in juices, coffee, cocoa and wines that modulate Nrf2 activity in cellular systems.

scholarly journals Immune Pathogenesis of Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in the Female Genital Tract

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven S. Witkin
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Female Genital

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections of the female genital tract, although frequently asymptomatic, are a major cause of fallopian-tube occlusion and infertility. Early stage pregnancy loss may also be due to an unsuspected and undetected CT infection. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that this organism can persist in the female genital tract in a form undetectable by culture. The mechanism of tubal damage as well as the rejection of an embryo may involve an initial immune sensitization to the CT 60 kD heat shock protein (HSP), followed by a reactivation of HSP-sensitized lymphocytes in response to the human HSP and the subsequent release of inflammatory cytokines. The periodic induction of human HSP expression by various microorganisms or by noninfectious mechanisms in the fallopian tubes of women sensitized to the CT HSP may eventually result in tubal scarring and occlusion. Similarly, an immune response to human HSP expression during the early stages of pregnancy may interfere with the immune regulatory mechanisms required for the maintenance of a semiallogeneic embryo.

scholarly journals Fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for inflammation treatment in the early stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhong Sun ◽  
Libang He ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Li Luo ◽  
Mingyue Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions

AbstractUnrestrained inflammation is harmful to tissue repair and regeneration. Immune cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles have been proven to show promise as inflammation targets and multitargeted inflammation controls in the treatment of severe inflammation. Prevention and early intervention of inflammation can reduce the risk of irreversible tissue damage and loss of function, but no cell membrane-camouflaged nanotechnology has been reported to achieve stage-specific treatment in these conditions. In this study, we investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for topical treatment of early inflammation (early pulpitis as the model) with the help of in-depth bioinformatics and molecular biology investigations in vitro and in vivo. Nanoparticles have been proven to act as sentinels to detect and competitively neutralize invasive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS) with resident fibroblasts to effectively inhibit the activation of intricate signaling pathways. Moreover, nanoparticles can alleviate the secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines to achieve multitargeted anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammatory conditions in the early stage. Our work verified the feasibility of fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for inflammation treatment in the early stage, which widens the potential cell types for inflammation regulation.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Valdivieso-Ugarte ◽  
Carolina Gomez-Llorente ◽  
Julio Plaza-Díaz ◽  
Ángel Gil
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

Essential oils (EOs) are a mixture of natural, volatile, and aromatic compounds obtained from plants. In recent years, several studies have shown that some of their benefits can be attributed to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and also immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, EOs have been proposed as a natural alternative to antibiotics or for use in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria in animal feed and food preservation. Most of the results come from in vitro and in vivo studies; however, very little is known about their use in clinical studies. A systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase®, and Scopus from December 2014 to April 2019 using different combinations of the following keywords: essential oils, volatile oils, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulation, and microbiota. Some EOs have demonstrated their efficacy against several foodborne pathogens in vitro and model food systems; namely, the inhibition of S. aureus, V. cholerae, and C. albicans has been observed. EOs have shown remarkable antioxidant activities when used at a dose range of 0.01 to 10 mg/mL in cell models, which can be attributed to their richness in phenolic compounds. Moreover, selected EOs exhibit immunomodulatory activities that have been mainly attributed to their ability to modify the secretion of cytokines.

scholarly journals In vitro activity of six antiviral drugs against equid alphaherpesvirus type 1 indicates ganciclovir as promising drug for in vivo studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lovato de Oliveira ◽  
Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti ◽  
Ana Paula Gnocato Mortari ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores ◽  
Rudi Weiblen
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Viral Plaque

ABSTRACT: Equid alphaherpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is distributed worldwide and is a major agent of abortion, respiratory and neurological disease in horses. No specific treatment is available for EHV-1 infection, yet the potential of antiviral therapy has been explored. In this study we investigated the in vitro activity of Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, Foscarnet, Famciclovir, Vidarabina and Cidofovir against EHV-1. For this, the MTT test was performed, in which all the tested drugs showed no toxicity up to 200μg/mL. Subsequently, different drug concentrations were submitted to viral plaque reduction assays in cell culture. The selectivity index (SI) of the compounds was determined using the cytotoxic concentration for 50% of cells (CC50), obtained by MTT, and effective drug concentration to inhibit by 50% the number of viral plaques (EC50). Ganciclovir (SI: 490; EC50: 1.9 μg/mL) was the most efficient and safest drug against EHV-1, followed by Cidofovir (SI: 150, EC50: 5.7μg/mL), Acyclovir (SI: 37.4, EC50: 22.2μg/mL), Famciclovir (SI: 25.1, EC50: 24.5μg/mL), Vidarabine (SI: 12.2, EC50: 40.9μg/mL) and Foscarnet (SI: 6.9, EC50: 49.5 μg/mL), respectively. These results indicated that Ganciclovir (followed by Cidofovir), is a promising candidate for use in in vivo experiments.

scholarly journals Anti-CD24 bio Modified PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles as Targeted Computed Tomography Contrast Agent

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-607
Author(s):  
Mona Fazel Ghaziyani ◽  
Mohammd Pourhassan Moghaddam ◽  
Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei ◽  
Mostafa Ghavami ◽  
Ali Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Contrast Agent ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Ct Number ◽  
Au Nps ◽  
Tumor Region

Purpose: Molecular imaging is one of the import methods for recognition of cancer at the early stage in order to enhance the capacity of remedy. This study was aimed to introduce a new contrast agent that was targeted with CD24 so as to improve the CT scan detection of cancer cells with higher CD24 expression. Methods: The surface modifications of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were done with long PEG (HS-PEG-CH3O) and short PEG (HS-PEG-COOH) chains to enhance their stability and capacity for immobilization of different antibodies. MTT assay was carried out to assess the biocompatibility of the NPs. The obtained contrast agent was implemented in the targeted CT imaging based on in vitro and in vivo studies of breast cancer. Results: The results revealed that the attached CD24 to the cell surface of PEGylated Au-NPs could enhance significantly the cells CT number (40.45 HU in 4T1, while it was 16.61 HU in CT26) It was shown that the attenuation coefficient of the molecularly targeted cells was more than 2 times excessive than the control groups. Further, the tumor region in model of xenograft tumor has higher density compare to the omnipaque groups, 60 min after injection (45 Hu vs.81 Hu). These results showed that the nanoparticles stayed in tumor region for longer time. Conclusion: It is predicted that the synthesized nanoparticle can be used as computed tomography contrast agent. Also, it can be used to identify the tumor cells with higher expression of CD24 at the early stages more efficiently compare to the other routine methods.

scholarly journals Antischistosomal Activity of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Salvia fruticosa Plant Extracts on Hamster Infected with Schistosoma haematobium

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yousef Abdal Jalil Fadladdin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Salvia Fruticosa ◽  
Medical Plant ◽  
Origanum Majorana

World Health Organization (WHO) has approved only one treatment for schistosomiasis, praziquantel (PZQ), but some poor efficacy was noticed in patients during the early stage of infection. Therefore, researchers have intensified their efforts to research new alternative medicines to treat schistosomiasis. In the present study, in vitro as well as in vivo studies have been accomplished to evaluate the effect of Origanum majorana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Salvia fruticosa extracts in a different concentration 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml on golden hamster infected by Egyptian strains of schistosome (Schistosoma haematobium). In vitro, the adult worms and schistosomula of S. haematobium were investigated in RPMI-1640 medium for 48 hrs. The results showed that the concentration 500, 250, and 125 μg/ml of Origanum majorana, and Ziziphus spina-christi caused dead of 100% of Egyptian Schistosoma strains of adult worm and schistosomula of S. haematobium within 6 to 12 hrs of incubation. On the other hand, the extract of Salvia fruticosa at concentrations 500, 250, and 125 μg/ml showed death 100% parasites after 12 to 24 hrs of incubation. Inclusion, Origanum majorana, and Ziziphus spina-christi showed effectiveness against Egyptian Schistosoma strains (S. haematobium), a slight decrease in Salvia fruticosa was observed. Therefore, these medical plant extracts may be used as a safe and effective treatment for schistosomiasis.

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