scholarly journals Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Valdivieso-Ugarte ◽  
Carolina Gomez-Llorente ◽  
Julio Plaza-Díaz ◽  
Ángel Gil
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

Essential oils (EOs) are a mixture of natural, volatile, and aromatic compounds obtained from plants. In recent years, several studies have shown that some of their benefits can be attributed to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and also immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, EOs have been proposed as a natural alternative to antibiotics or for use in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria in animal feed and food preservation. Most of the results come from in vitro and in vivo studies; however, very little is known about their use in clinical studies. A systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase®, and Scopus from December 2014 to April 2019 using different combinations of the following keywords: essential oils, volatile oils, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulation, and microbiota. Some EOs have demonstrated their efficacy against several foodborne pathogens in vitro and model food systems; namely, the inhibition of S. aureus, V. cholerae, and C. albicans has been observed. EOs have shown remarkable antioxidant activities when used at a dose range of 0.01 to 10 mg/mL in cell models, which can be attributed to their richness in phenolic compounds. Moreover, selected EOs exhibit immunomodulatory activities that have been mainly attributed to their ability to modify the secretion of cytokines.

Effects of Probiotics in the Management of Infected Chronic Wounds: From Cell Culture to Human Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
Brognara Lorenzo ◽  
Salmaso Luca ◽  
Mazzotti Antonio ◽  
Di M. Alberto ◽  
Faldini Cesare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Keywords Probiotics

Background: Chronic wounds are commonly associated with polymicrobial biofilm infections. In the last years, the extensive use of antibiotics has generated several antibiotic-resistant variants. To overcome this issue, alternative natural treatments have been proposed, including the use of microorganisms like probiotics. The aim of this manuscript was to review current literature concerning the application of probiotics for the treatment of infected chronic wounds. Methods: Relevant articles were searched in the Medline database using PubMed and Scholar, using the keywords “probiotics” and “wound” and “injuries”, “probiotics” and “wound” and “ulcer”, “biofilm” and “probiotics” and “wound”, “biofilm” and “ulcer” and “probiotics”, “biofilm” and “ulcer” and “probiotics”, “probiotics” and “wound”. Results: The research initially included 253 articles. After removal of duplicate studies, and selection according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 research articles were included and reviewed, accounting for 12 in vitro, 8 in vivo studies and 2 human studies (three articles dealing with animal experiments included also in vitro testing). Most of the published studies about the effects of probiotics for the treatment of infected chronic wounds reported a partial inhibition of microbial growth, biofilm formation and quorum sensing. Discussion: The application of probiotics represents an intriguing option in the treatment of infected chronic wounds with multidrug-resistant bacteria; however, current results are difficult to compare due to the heterogeneity in methodology, laboratory techniques, and applied clinical protocols. Lactobacillus plantarum currently represents the most studied strain, showing a positive application in burns compared to guideline treatments, and an additional mean in chronic wound infections. Conclusions: Although preliminary evidence supports the use of specific strains of probiotics in certain clinical settings such as infected chronic wounds, large, long-term clinical trials are still lacking, and further research is needed.

scholarly journals The Immunomodulatory Effects of Honey and Associated Flavonoids in Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Razan J. Masad ◽  
Shoja M. Haneefa ◽  
Yassir A. Mohamed ◽  
Ashraf Al-Sbiei ◽  
Ghada Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Cancer Cell Growth ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

Honey has exerted a high impact in the field of alternative medicine over many centuries. In addition to its wound healing, anti-microbial and antioxidant properties, several lines of evidence have highlighted the efficiency of honey and associated bioactive constituents as anti-tumor agents against a range of cancer types. Mechanistically, honey was shown to inhibit cancer cell growth through its pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects. However, the potential of honey to regulate anti-tumor immune responses is relatively unexplored. A small number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of honey to modulate the immune system by inducing immunostimulatory as well as anti-inflammatory effects. In the present review, we summarize the findings from different studies that aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of honey and its flavonoid components in relation to cancer. While these studies provide promising data, additional research is needed to further elucidate the immunomodulatory properties of honey, and to enable its utilization as an adjuvant therapy in cancer.

67 Current Status and Future Prospective of the Use of Plant Bioactive Compounds in Dairy and Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Sergio Calsamiglia ◽  
Maria Rodriguez-Prado ◽  
Gonzalo Fernandez-Turren ◽  
Lorena Castillejos
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the last 20 years there has been extensive in vitro research on the effects of plant extracts and essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation. The main objectives have been to improve energy metabolism through a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in propionate production; and to improve protein metabolism by reducing proteolysis and deamination. While the positive results from in vitro studies has stimulated the release of commercial products based on blends of essential oils, there is limited in vivo evidence on the rumen fermentation and production performance effects. A literature search was conducted to select in vivo studies where information on rumen fermentation and animal performance was reported. For dairy cattle, we identified 37 studies of which 21 were adequate to test production performance. Ten studies reported increases and 3 decreases in milk yield. For beef cattle, we identified 20 studies with rumen fermentation profile and 22 with performance data. Average daily gain improved in 7 and decreased in 1 study. Only 1 out of 16 studies reported an improvement in feed efficiency. Data indicate that out of more than 500 products tested in vitro, only around 20 have been tested in vivo in different mixtures and doses. The use of statistical approaches will allow to describe the conditions, doses and responses in dairy and beef cattle performance. The search for postruminal effects offers another alternative use. Evidence for effects on the intestinal and systemic effects on the immune system and antioxidant status (i.e., capsicum, garlic, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde curcuma, catechins, anethol or pinene), and in the modulation of metabolic regulation (capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, curcuma or garlic) may open the opportunity for future applications. However, stability of the product in the GI tract, description of the mechanisms of action and the impact of these changes on performance needs to be further demonstrated.

scholarly journals An Overview of Structural Aspects and Health Beneficial Effects of Antioxidant Oligosaccharides

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 1759-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane F. Vieira ◽  
Rúbia C. G. Corrêa ◽  
Rosely A. Peralta ◽  
Regina F. Peralta-Muniz-Moreira ◽  
Adelar Bracht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
In Vivo Studies

Background: Non-digestible oligosaccharides are versatile sources of chemical diversity, well known for their prebiotic actions, found naturally in plants or produced by chemical or enzymatic synthesis or by hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Compared to polyphenols or even polysaccharides, the antioxidant potential of oligosaccharides is still unexplored. The aim of the present work was to provide an up-to-date, broad and critical contribution on the topic of antioxidant oligosaccharides. Methods: The search was performed by crossing the words oligosaccharides and antioxidant. Whenever possible, attempts at establishing correlations between chemical structure and antioxidant activity were undertaken. Results: The most representative in vitro and in vivo studies were compiled in two tables. Chitooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides and their derivatives were the most studied up to now. The antioxidant activities of oligosaccharides depend on the degree of polymerization and the method used for depolymerization. Other factors influencing the antioxidant strength are solubility, monosaccharide composition, the type of glycosidic linkages of the side chains, molecular weight, reducing sugar content, the presence of phenolic groups such as ferulic acid, and the presence of uronic acid, among others. Modification of the antioxidant capacity of oligosaccharides has been achieved by adding diverse organic groups to their structures, thus increasing also the spectrum of potentially useful molecules. Conclusion: A great amount of high-quality evidence has been accumulating during the last decade in support of a meaningful antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides and derivatives. Ingestion of antioxidant oligosaccharides can be visualized as beneficial to human and animal health.

scholarly journals Essential Oils as Treatment Strategy for Alzheimerʼs Disease: Current and Future Perspectives

Planta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (03) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Benny ◽  
Jaya Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

AbstractAlzheimerʼs disease is a multifarious neurodegenerative disease that causes cognitive impairment and gradual memory loss. Several hypotheses have been put forward to postulate its pathophysiology. Currently, few drugs are available for the management of Alzheimerʼs disease and the treatment provides only symptomatic relief. Our aim is to review the relevant in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies focused toward the potential uses of essential oils in the treatment of Alzheimerʼs disease. Scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar from April 1998 to June 2018 were explored to collect data. We have conducted wide search on various essential oils used in different models of Alzheimerʼs disease. Out of 55 essential oils identified for Alzheimerʼs intervention, 28 have been included in the present review. A short description of in vivo studies of 13 essential oils together with clinical trial data of Salvia officinalis, Salvia lavandulifolia, Melissa officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, and Rosmarinus officinalis have been highlighted. In vitro studies of remaining essential oils that possess antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential are also mentioned. Our literary survey revealed encouraging results regarding the various essential oils being studied in preclinical and clinical studies of Alzheimerʼs disease with significant effects in modulating the pathology through anti-amyloid, antioxidants, anticholinesterase, and memory-enhancement activity.

scholarly journals Boosting GSH Using the Co-Drug Approach: I-152, a Conjugate of N-acetyl-cysteine and β-mercaptoethylamine

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Crinelli ◽  
Carolina Zara ◽  
Michaël Smietana ◽  
Michele Retini ◽  
Mauro Magnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vivo Metabolism ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties ◽  
Acetyl Cysteine ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain

Glutathione (GSH) has poor pharmacokinetic properties; thus, several derivatives and biosynthetic precursors have been proposed as GSH-boosting drugs. I-152 is a conjugate of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and S-acetyl-β-mercaptoethylamine (SMEA) designed to release the parent drugs (i.e., NAC and β-mercaptoethylamine or cysteamine, MEA). NAC is a precursor of L-cysteine, while MEA is an aminothiol able to increase GSH content; thus, I-152 represents the very first attempt to combine two pro-GSH molecules. In this review, the in-vitro and in-vivo metabolism, pro-GSH activity and antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of I-152 are discussed. Under physiological GSH conditions, low I-152 doses increase cellular GSH content; by contrast, high doses cause GSH depletion but yield a high content of NAC, MEA and I-152, which can be used to resynthesize GSH. Preliminary in-vivo studies suggest that the molecule reaches mouse organs, including the brain, where its metabolites, NAC and MEA, are detected. In cell cultures, I-152 replenishes experimentally depleted GSH levels. Moreover, administration of I-152 to C57BL/6 mice infected with the retroviral complex LP-BM5 is effective in contrasting virus-induced GSH depletion, exerting at the same time antiviral and immunomodulatory functions. I-152 acts as a pro-GSH agent; however, GSH derivatives and NAC cannot completely replicate its effects. The co-delivery of different thiol species may lead to unpredictable outcomes, which warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals Nutraceutical Activity in Osteoarthritis Biology: A Focus on the Nutrigenomic Role

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Stefania D’Adamo ◽  
Silvia Cetrullo ◽  
Veronica Panichi ◽  
Erminia Mariani ◽  
Flavio Flamigni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Wide Range

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease associated to age or conditions that precipitate aging of articular cartilage, a post-mitotic tissue that remains functional until the failure of major homeostatic mechanisms. OA severely impacts the national health system costs and patients’ quality of life because of pain and disability. It is a whole-joint disease sustained by inflammatory and oxidative signaling pathways and marked epigenetic changes responsible for catabolism of the cartilage extracellular matrix. OA usually progresses until its severity requires joint arthroplasty. To delay this progression and to improve symptoms, a wide range of naturally derived compounds have been proposed and are summarized in this review. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have provided proof of principle that many of these nutraceuticals are able to exert pleiotropic and synergistic effects and effectively counteract OA pathogenesis by exerting both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and by tuning major OA-related signaling pathways. The latter are the basis for the nutrigenomic role played by some of these compounds, given the marked changes in the transcriptome, miRNome, and methylome. Ongoing and future clinical trials will hopefully confirm the disease-modifying ability of these bioactive molecules in OA patients.

scholarly journals Developing an antibiotic effective against multi-drug resistant bacteria.

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C714-C714
Author(s):  
Calvin Steussy ◽  
Cynthia Stauffacher ◽  
Mark Lipton ◽  
Mohamed Seleem
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Lead Compound ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coa Reductase

The emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria is one of the great challenges to modern medicine. The gram positive cocci Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) are two particularly virulent examples. In vivo studies have shown that the eukaryotic like 'mevalonate' isoprenoid pathway used by these pathogenic cocci is essential to their growth and virulence [1]. Our structures of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) from P. mevalonii demonstrated that the bacterial enzymes are structurally distinct from the human enzymes allowing for specific antibacterial activity [2]. High throughput in vitro screening against bacterial HMGR at the Southern Research Center, Birmingham, AL uncovered a lead compound with an IC50 of 80 µM with a competitive mode of action. Our x-ray crystal structures of HMGR from E. faecalis complexed with the lead compound and its variations have informed the synthesis of new inhibitors that have improved the IC50 to 5 µM [3]. Studies of this compound show it to be active against both MRSA and VRE in culture, effective against these bacteria in biofilms, and efficacious in a model system of eukaryotic infection. Structures and kinetics of these compounds will be presented and future directions discussed.

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