scholarly journals Volume 25, Issue 1 (March 2021) Physiol Pharmacol 2021, 25(1): 1-6 | Back to browse issues page 10.32598/ppj.25.1.10 XML Print Download citation: BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks Send citation to: Mendeley Zotero RefWorks Najafi H, Zarei R, Alimoradian A, Asafari M, Mohammadi M, Samadi F, et al . A review on humane endpoints in animal experimentation for biomedical research. Physiol Pharmacol. 2021; 25 (1) :1-6 URL: http://ppj.phypha.ir/article-1-1606-en.html A review on humane endpoints in animal experimentation for biomedical research

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Houshang Najafi ◽  
◽  
Reza Zarei ◽  
Abbas Alimoradian ◽  
Mohaddeseh Asafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
Reference Manager ◽  
Animal Use

Introduction: The use of animals in experiments and their role in the development of medical sciences are undeniable. Humane endpoints terminate pain and distress in laboratory animals, which are experimented in painful procedures and an involuntary manner. This study was going to review studies published in this area to assist researchers in developing their approach. Methods: Articles used in this review study were obtained from relevant databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, OVID, SID, Magiran and Google scholar. Results: “Humane endpoints” or killing the animal humanely means the point at which an experimental animal’s pain and/or distress is terminated. This pain and distress are not necessarily accompanied by clinical symptoms and it can also be recognized by biochemical, physiological and molecular biomarkers testing. Conclusion: Regarding the extensive use of laboratory animals, the aim is not only to take care of animals but also to develop knowledge and prevent unintentional animal suffering and death. Increasing awareness of ethical issues regarding research animal use needs scientific information and designing experiments, which are terminated immediately after achieving main goals. Otherwise, it threatens the life of animal and leads to the animal suffering.

scholarly journals Behavioral Methods for Severity Assessment

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Pia Kahnau ◽  
Anne Habedank ◽  
Kai Diederich ◽  
Lars Lewejohann
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
Behavioral Methods ◽  
Preference Tests

It has become mandatory for the application for allowance of animal experimentation to rate the severity of the experimental procedures. In order to minimize suffering related to animal experimentation it is therefore crucial to develop appropriate methods for the assessment of animal suffering. Physiological parameters such as hormones or body weight are used to assess stress in laboratory animals. However, such physiological parameters alone are often difficult to interpret and leave a wide scope for interpretation. More recently, behavior, feelings and emotions have come increasingly into the focus of welfare research. Tests like preference tests or cognitive bias tests give insight on how animals evaluate certain situations or objects, how they feel and what their emotional state is. These methods should be combined in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the well-being of laboratory animals.

Factors Related to Animal Neglect in Brazilian Laboratories

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Carli Bones ◽  
Carla Forte Maiolino Molento
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Animal Neglect

Our objectives were to identify the prevalence of negligence of laboratory animals in Brazil, to determine the primary factors associated with its occurrence and to suggest prevention strategies. A questionnaire was made available online between October 2015 and March 2016. A total of 116 respondents with experience in the use of laboratory animals and/or the use of alternative methods answered the questionnaire. Most respondents were women (77 respondents, 66.4%), a significant proportion had a degree in Veterinary Medicine (31 respondents, 27.2%), and a majority used animals in their work (88 respondents, 75.9%). Of the 88 animal users, 23 supplied information on the numbers and species of animals they used. When asked whether they knew that Brazilian law forbade animal experimentation when alternative methods exist, seven (9.1%) respondents mentioned Act 9605/1998. Most, but not all, respondents (96 respondents, 82.8%) submitted their projects to an Animal Use and Ethics Committee (AUEC), and many (65 respondents, 56%) reported their belief that animal neglect occurred at their institution. Negligence was found to be associated with: institutions where the numbers of animals used were not recorded ( p = 0.008); institutions where respondents were unaware of the relevant legislation, that is, Act 9605/1998 ( p = 0.042); or where there was evidence that not all project proposals were submitted to the AUEC or evidence of no submissions at all ( p = 0.022). Negligence of animals was found to be highly prevalent. Prevention strategies might involve increased transparency to the general public, the empowerment of individuals that work with animals to report any concerns, optimised inspection of facilities where animal work is carried out and significant improvements to the role of AUECs.

Severity Classification of Surgical Procedures and Application of Health Monitoring Strategies in Animal Research Proposals: A Retrospective Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Kathrin Herrmann ◽  
Paul Flecknell
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Animal Use

Animal experimentation has been one of the most controversial areas of animal use, mainly due to the intentional harms inflicted upon the animals used. In an effort to reduce these harms, research on refinement has increased significantly over the past 20 years. However, the extent to which these efforts have helped to reduce the severity of the research procedures, and thus animal suffering, is uncertain. To provide an indication of the awareness and implementation of refinement methods, we reviewed the experimental techniques for 684 surgical interventions described in 506 animal research applications that had been sent to the German competent authorities for approval in 2010. In this paper, we describe and discuss the severity categorisation of the proposed surgeries and the planned health monitoring strategies. We found that the researchers frequently underestimated the levels of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm that were to be inflicted on the animals. Furthermore, the planned health monitoring strategies were generally flawed. To ensure responsible treatment of animals and high-quality science, adequate training of research workers in recognising and alleviating animal suffering is essential.

scholarly journals Experimental biomedical research: achievements and future aims

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
I. DONTA (Ι. ΔΟΝΤΑ)
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge ◽  
The Three Rs

An invaluable amount of knowledge and enormous progress in the advancement of human health, longevity and quality of life has been achieved by biomedical research throughout the ages. Most of the achievements were accomplished by research on animals and more recently, on laboratory animals. Progress in the production of drugs, vaccines, sera, antibiotics, surgical techniques and materials, diagnostic and therapeutic methods, and many more, was reached by their safety and efficacy testing on laboratory animals, prior to their application on humans. The achievements resulting from this research are applied both in humans and in animals. Experimental biomedical research is currently conducted in animal models of human diseases, invertebrates and with alternative methods to the use of animals. Its future aims are to solve existing and emerging health threats and to increase gene therapy, with the concomitant application of the three Rs principles of animal use - replacement, reduction and refinement.

scholarly journals Issues of Animal Welfare Regulations on Pharmacy Education and Research in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Anuradha Girme ◽  
Anil Pawar
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
The Impact

Biomedical research is essential to the health and well-being of our society. Animal use for biomedical research has a long history and is routinely performed in new drug discovery and development processes. Animal experiments are an integral part of the curriculum for students in the life sciences, including pharmacy, to learn how to conduct animal experiments. These experiments may cause pain and distress to the animals. Laws and regulations have been enacted to make it illegal to cause undue pain or suffering to animals. These guidelines provide that due and full consideration should be given to alternative technologies not involving animal testing. Despite the movement to minimize animal use in research, pieces of evidence show that there has been a continuous increase in the worldwide use of laboratory animals over 10 years, from 115.2 animals to 192.1 million. The lack of suitable animal-alternative technologies and unavailability of required infrastructures are some of the reasons for animal use. As per directives of the University Grant Commission, the Pharmacy Council of India has decided to prohibit animal experimentation in pharmacy education. This adversely affected teaching and research activities in pharmacy institutions. As a result, the number of seats available for the postgraduate course (Master of Pharmacy) in Pharmacology is decreasing every year. In 2021, the highest number of seats are available for Pharmaceutics (9510, 35%) followed by that for the Pharmacology (4620, 17%). This article mainly focuses on the background of Indian legislation for animal experimentation and the impact of these regulations on animal experiments for pharmacy education and research in India.

scholarly journals Bioethics in animal experimentation

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.I. Popa ◽  
I. Lascar ◽  
M. Valcu ◽  
Ioana Teona Sebe ◽  
B. Caraban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
The Sacrifice

Abstract Animal experiments are used on a large scale worldwide in order to develop or to refine new medicines, medicinal products or surgical procedures. It is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer, this is why animal experimentation causes serious moral problems. We must realize that we have moral and legal obligations when dealing with animals in our care, and this should become our high priority before any experiment. We have to take responsibility for the life of the animals and we have to act honorably regarding this issue because we have been given a trust by society in general which is not to be taken lightly. There is an ongoing societal debate about ethical issues of animal use in science. This paper is addressed to current and future researchers and is an appeal for them to (re)consider their personal views concerning the issue under scrutiny and their responsibility in ensuring that results would make the sacrifice worthwhile.

The Ethics of AI in Biomedical Research, Patient Care, and Public Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 702-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Blasimme ◽  
Effy Vayena
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Ethical Frameworks

This chapter explores ethical issues raised by the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the domain of biomedical research, healthcare provision, and public health. The litany of ethical challenges that AI in medicine raises cannot be addressed sufficiently by current regulatory and ethical frameworks. The chapter then advances the systemic oversight approach as a governance blueprint, which is based on six principles offering guidance as to the desirable features of oversight structures and processes in the domain of data-intense biomedicine: adaptivity, flexibility, inclusiveness, reflexivity, responsiveness, and monitoring (AFIRRM). In the research domain, ethical review committees will have to incorporate reflexive assessment of the scientific and social merits of AI-driven research and, as a consequence, will have to open their ranks to new professional figures such as social scientists. In the domain of patient care, clinical validation is a crucial issue. Hospitals could equip themselves with “clinical AI oversight bodies” charged with the task of advising clinical administrators. Meanwhile, in the public health sphere, the new level of granularity enabled by AI in disease surveillance or health promotion will have to be negotiated at the level of targeted communities.

scholarly journals Alternatives to and Reduction of Animal Use in Biomedical Research, Education and Testing

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
John M. Frazier ◽  
Alan M. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Research Education ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Do So

Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general issues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.

Research Ethics Committees’ Oversight of Biomedical Research in South Africa: A Thematic Analysis of Ethical Issues Raised During Ethics Review of Non-Expedited Protocols

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blessing Silaigwana ◽  
Douglas Wassenaar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
South African ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Financial Contracts ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Participant Selection ◽  
Education And Awareness

In South Africa, biomedical research cannot commence until it has been reviewed and approved by a local research ethics committee (REC). There remains a dearth of empirical data on the nature and frequency of ethical issues raised by such committees. This study sought to identify ethical concerns typically raised by two South African RECs. Meeting minutes for 180 protocols reviewed between 2009 and 2014 were coded and analyzed using a preexisting framework. Results showed that the most frequent queries involved informed consent, respect for participants, and scientific validity. Interestingly, administrative issues (non-ethical) such as missing researchers’ CVs and financial contracts emerged more frequently than ethical questions such as favorable risk/benefit ratio and fair participant selection. Although not generalizable to all RECs, our data provide insights into two South African RECs’ review concerns. More education and awareness of the actual ethical issues typically raised by such committees might help improve review outcomes and relationships between researchers and RECs.

scholarly journals Kashf al-Gharā’ib: Terjemahan atas Kitab Munfarijah Karya Imām Muḥaqqiq Abī Yaḥyā Zayn al-Dīn Zakarīyā

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-118
Author(s):  
Syaukani Syaukani
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Museum ◽  
History Of ◽  
North Sumatra

An effort to preserve and utilize manuscripts in this archipelago, especially religious manuscripts, is very important due to, at least, two reasons. Firstly, there has been abundant important information pertinent to religious phenomena in the manuscripts. Secondly, physical condition of the manuscripts has been increasingly fragile. Following the process of choosing the manuscript, the author has selected one of the manuscripts preserved in the State Museum of North Sumatra. This study employs the theory of philology, literature and history in analyzing the manuscript. Analyses are focused on the language used, the cultural background of the manuscript, and the social history of the region where it has been written. The findings of this study tell us that the manuscript, named Kashf al-Gharā’ib, is a classical Islamic manuscript which still has been well preserved at the State Museum of North Sumatra. It contains the scientific information of fiqh (Islamic law), especially discussing about the way of worshipping the God. The manuscript also consists of religious poems and problems of adab (ethics). Of the three topics discussed in this manuscript, I give considerable attention on worship and ethical issues.

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