scholarly journals Management of DBP formation using enhanced treatment technologies and an array of prediction tools

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sandhya Rao Poleneni
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
Keywords Treatment

Inefficient removal of total organic carbon (TOC) leads to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) when a disinfectant is added. This study is performed in an effort to develop a simple, non-invasive and cost-effective technology that will effectively lower organic precursors by having water utilities reuse their treatment residual solids. Jar tests are used to simulate drinking water treatment processes with coagulants -- aluminum sulfate (alum), poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) and ferric chloride and their residual solids. Ten Coagulant-to-Residual (C/R) ratios are tested with water from the Missouri River and alluvial ground waters. This treatment results in heavier floc formation and leads to improved sedimentation of organics and additional removal of aluminum and iron. An average of 21Percent, 28 percent and 33 percent additional TOC removal can be achieved with C/R ratios less than 1 with alum, PACl and ferric chloride respectively. Data analysis proves that turbidity cannot solely be used as surrogate for TOC. Keywords: Treatment Residual solids, Coagulation, Flocculation, TOC Removal, Turbidity.

scholarly journals Enhanced Flocculation Using Drinking Water Treatment Plant Sedimentation Residual Solids

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1821
Author(s):  
Sandhya Rao Poleneni ◽  
Enos Inniss ◽  
Honglan Shi ◽  
John Yang ◽  
Bin Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
Treatment Processes

Inefficient removal of total organic carbon (TOC) leads to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) when a disinfectant is added. This study is performed in an effort to develop a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective technology that will effectively lower organic precursors by having water utilities reuse their treatment residual solids. Jar tests are used to simulate drinking water treatment processes with coagulants—aluminum sulfate (alum), poly-aluminum chloride (PACl), and ferric chloride and their residual solids. Ten coagulant-to-residual (C/R) ratios are tested with water from the Missouri River at Coopers Landing in Columbia, MO versus alluvial ground waters. This treatment results in heavier floc formation and leads to improved sedimentation of organics and additional removal of aluminum and iron. An average of 21%, 28%, and 33% additional TOC removal can be achieved with C/R ratios <1 with alum, PACl, and ferric chloride, respectively.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 16-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Albalawneh ◽  
Tsun-Kuo Chang
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Greywater Reuse

In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse.  Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households.  All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios.  The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71.  Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to greywater.  However, some countries have established specialized standards for greywater reuse. Technologies used for greywater treatment are classified into physical, chemical, biological, and natural systems, or a combination of these.  Using physical greywater treatment processes solely as the main treatment method is insufficient for greywater treatment, chemical greywater treatment processes are attractive for single household low-strength greywater treatment systems, as the variability in the strength and flow of the greywater did not affect their treatment performance.  Constructed wetland can be regarded as the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for greywater treatment and reuses.  Finally, the study suggests the possible greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuse purposes.

Physical Treatment Technologies for Landfill Leachate

2015 ◽  
pp. 250-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed J. K. Bashir ◽  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Muhd Nazmi Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Azan Tamar Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Standard Limit

Landfill leachate is a refractory wastewater and highly polluted with heterogeneous materials which is harmful to the environment and living organisms. Thus, leachate requires efficient treatment system to ensure the quality of final discharge is within the standard limit. Moreover the treatment process must be cost effective in order to be accepted. Many treatment processes were examined for leachate treatment including biological, chemical and physical process. This chapter discuss the treatability of leachate using physical processes such as evaporation, flotation, adsorption, membrane, ultrasonication, air stripping. It can be concluded that physical processes are not recommended to stand alone for leachate treatment. Nevertheless, adsorption and membrane technologies are very effective for post treatment of leachate. Aeration, sedimentation, evaporation, and sonication can be used effectively as pre-treatment processes.

scholarly journals Removal of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a by drinking water treatment processes: a review

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Vlad ◽  
William B. Anderson ◽  
Sigrid Peldszus ◽  
Peter M. Huck
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Practice Recommendations ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) is a potent alkaloid neurotoxin, produced by several species of cyanobacteria and detected throughout the world. The presence of cyanotoxins, including ANTX-a, in drinking water sources is a potential risk to public health. This article presents a thorough examination of the cumulative body of research on the use of drinking water treatment technologies for extracellular ANTX-a removal, focusing on providing an analysis of the specific operating parameters required for effective treatment and on compiling a series of best-practice recommendations for owners and operators of systems impacted by this cyanotoxin. Of the oxidants used in drinking water treatment, chlorine-based processes (chlorine, chloramines and chlorine dioxide) have been shown to be ineffective for ANTX-a treatment, while ozone, advanced oxidation processes and permanganate can be successful. High-pressure membrane filtration (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) is likely effective, while adsorption and biofiltration may be effective but further investigation into the implementation of these processes is necessary. Given the lack of full-scale verification, a multiple-barrier approach is recommended, employing a combination of chemical and non-chemical processes.

Physical Treatment Technologies for Landfill Leachate

2020 ◽  
pp. 717-753
Author(s):  
Mohammed J. K. Bashir ◽  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Muhd Nazmi Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Azan Tamar Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Standard Limit

Landfill leachate is a refractory wastewater and highly polluted with heterogeneous materials which is harmful to the environment and living organisms. Thus, leachate requires efficient treatment system to ensure the quality of final discharge is within the standard limit. Moreover the treatment process must be cost effective in order to be accepted. Many treatment processes were examined for leachate treatment including biological, chemical and physical process. This chapter discuss the treatability of leachate using physical processes such as evaporation, flotation, adsorption, membrane, ultrasonication, air stripping. It can be concluded that physical processes are not recommended to stand alone for leachate treatment. Nevertheless, adsorption and membrane technologies are very effective for post treatment of leachate. Aeration, sedimentation, evaporation, and sonication can be used effectively as pre-treatment processes.

Enhanced coagulation: a viable option to advance treatment technologies in the South African context

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Freese ◽  
D. J. Nozaic ◽  
M. J. Pryor ◽  
R. Rajagopaul ◽  
D. L. Trollip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Trihalomethane Formation Potential ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Organics Removal ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
African Context

Laboratory and pilot scale tests were conducted to compare the effectiveness of enhanced coagulation with the more advanced technologies of ozone and granular activated carbon in treating a range of clean, eutrophic and industrially polluted waters. Particular attention was paid to the removal of disinfectant by-product precursors, organics and micropollutants that could be achieved using the various types of treatment. Reductions of up to 50% trihalomethane formation potential and between 40 and 70% organic carbon and colour were obtained using enhanced coagulation, which compared favourably with the advanced treatment processes. The more sophisticated processes were especially effective in the removal of micropollutants, this generally being in excess of 70%, which was not achievable using enhanced coagulation. pH depression using acid addition allowed for increases in organics removal at lower coagulant doses and inorganic coagulants were found to be more effective than the polymeric coagulants for organic matter removal. It was shown that the advanced treatment processes became more cost effective for larger plants and as water quality deteriorates, but for smaller water works, enhanced coagulation is cheaper.

Modeling formation and control of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated drinking waters

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward McBean ◽  
Zoe Zhu ◽  
Wen Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Backward Elimination ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
And Control

While disinfection of drinking water reduces the risks of pathogenic infection, threats to human health due to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may arise due to natural organic precursors. Regression-based models characterizing the formation of DBPs are derived from data for 28 conventional water treatment plants in Ontario. DBPs are shown to be correlated statistically with dissolved organic carbon, pre-and post-chlorination dosages, pH and temperature. Using backward elimination nonlinear regression, a set of mathematical functions are obtained (R2=0.62 to 0.79) for an array of DBPs. The models are used to guide decision-markers in the selection and operation of drinking water treatment processes to decrease DBP formation, indicating that a shift from emphasis on pre-chlorination to post-chlorination has the most effect on DBP formation.

A novel use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in uterine artery embolization

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Jemianne Bautista Jia ◽  
Eric Mastrolonardo ◽  
Mateen Soleman ◽  
Ilya Lekht
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Artery Embolization ◽  
Uterine Artery ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽  
Artery Embolization ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Contrast Enhanced

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a cost-effective, quick, and non-invasive imaging modality that has yet to be incorporated in uterine artery embolization (UAE). We present two cases that demonstrate the utility of CEUS in UAE for the identification of uterine-ovarian collaterals which otherwise can result in ineffective fibroid treatment and non-target embolization.

Review of Various Tasks Performed in the Preprocessing Phase of a Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis System

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-426
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Hussain ◽  
Zulfiqar Habib
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lesion Detection ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Optic Discs

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in diabetic patients. The increasing population of diabetic patients and difficulty to diagnose it at an early stage are limiting the screening capabilities of manual diagnosis by ophthalmologists. Color fundus images are widely used to detect DR lesions due to their comfortable, cost-effective and non-invasive acquisition procedure. Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of DR based on these images can assist ophthalmologists and help in saving many sight years of diabetic patients. In a CAD system, preprocessing is a crucial phase, which significantly affects its performance. Commonly used preprocessing operations are the enhancement of poor contrast, balancing the illumination imbalance due to the spherical shape of a retina, noise reduction, image resizing to support multi-resolution, color normalization, extraction of a field of view (FOV), etc. Also, the presence of blood vessels and optic discs makes the lesion detection more challenging because these two artifacts exhibit specific attributes, which are similar to those of DR lesions. Preprocessing operations can be broadly divided into three categories: 1) fixing the native defects, 2) segmentation of blood vessels, and 3) localization and segmentation of optic discs. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art preprocessing techniques related to three categories of operations, highlighting their significant aspects and limitations. The survey is concluded with the most effective preprocessing methods, which have been shown to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the CAD systems.

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