Enhanced coagulation: a viable option to advance treatment technologies in the South African context

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Freese ◽  
D. J. Nozaic ◽  
M. J. Pryor ◽  
R. Rajagopaul ◽  
D. L. Trollip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Trihalomethane Formation Potential ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Organics Removal ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
African Context

Laboratory and pilot scale tests were conducted to compare the effectiveness of enhanced coagulation with the more advanced technologies of ozone and granular activated carbon in treating a range of clean, eutrophic and industrially polluted waters. Particular attention was paid to the removal of disinfectant by-product precursors, organics and micropollutants that could be achieved using the various types of treatment. Reductions of up to 50% trihalomethane formation potential and between 40 and 70% organic carbon and colour were obtained using enhanced coagulation, which compared favourably with the advanced treatment processes. The more sophisticated processes were especially effective in the removal of micropollutants, this generally being in excess of 70%, which was not achievable using enhanced coagulation. pH depression using acid addition allowed for increases in organics removal at lower coagulant doses and inorganic coagulants were found to be more effective than the polymeric coagulants for organic matter removal. It was shown that the advanced treatment processes became more cost effective for larger plants and as water quality deteriorates, but for smaller water works, enhanced coagulation is cheaper.

scholarly journals The Impact of Advanced Treatment Technologies on the Energy Use in Satellite Water Reuse Plants

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Bailey ◽  
Sajjad Ahmad ◽  
Jacimaria R. Batista
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
World Population ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
The Impact

With an ever-increasing world population and the resulting increase in industrialization and agricultural practices, depletion of one of the world’s most important natural resources, water, is inevitable. Water reclamation and reuse is the key to protecting this natural resource. Water reclamation using smaller decentralized wastewater treatment plants, known as satellite water reuse plants (WRP), has become popular in the last decade. Reuse plants have stricter standards for effluent quality and require a smaller land footprint (i.e., real estate area). They also require additional treatment processes and advanced treatment technologies. This greatly increases the energy consumption of an already energy intensive process, accentuating even more the nexus between energy use and wastewater processing. With growing concerns over the use of nonrenewable energy sources and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, WRPs are in need of energy evaluations. This paper contrasts the energy consumption of both conventional and advanced treatment processes in satellite WRPs. Results of this research provide a means for engineers and wastewater utilities to evaluate unit processes based on energy consumption as well as a foundation for making decisions regarding the sustainability of using advanced treatment technologies at reuse facilities.

Reality or myth: “Advanced wastewater treatment technologies cannot be cost competitive with conventional treatment processes”

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali R. Ahmadi Motlagh ◽  
Stephen Lacy ◽  
Madan Arora ◽  
Jim Ross ◽  
Jeff Misenhimer
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Two Alternatives

With shortage of water becoming a major concern in many areas, use of recycled water is a necessity for a growing number of municipalities. This paper describes a case study in which two alternatives were considered for upgrading an existing wastewater treatment plant with the goal of producing recycled water. The first alternative consisted of conventional secondary and tertiary unit processes while the second alternative included the advanced treatment technology of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Also, two alternatives were evaluated for disinfection of recycled water; chlorine gas and UV system. The more advanced treatment technologies (MBR + UV), which produce the higher quality recycled water, resulted in higher cost. The paper discusses the design and project execution approaches as how the more expensive advanced treatment processes were made cost competitive with the conventional treatment processes.

The use of tele-audiology in ototoxicity monitoring: A scoping review

2022 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2110682
Author(s):  
Nazeera Peerbhay ◽  
Danielle R Munsamy ◽  
Hombisa P Dlamini ◽  
Fisokuhle Langa ◽  
Jessica Paken
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Holistic Management ◽  
African Context ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Cost

Introduction Due to the growing burden of disease in South Africa, encompassing conditions such as tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and cancer, the holistic management of affected patients incorporating ototoxicity monitoring is a necessity. However, ototoxicity monitoring in developing countries may be limited due to a lack of resources and inadequate healthcare facilities. Subsequently, the use of tele-audiology may be a revolutionary technique with the potential to provide audiology services to under-served populations with limited access. Methods The study aimed to describe the use of tele-audiology services in ototoxicity monitoring through a scoping review of English peer-reviewed articles from June 2009 to June 2020. Seventeen articles were purposively selected from the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis Online, WorldCat, and Google Scholar. Data was extracted as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses diagram and results were analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Results and discussion While a minority of the studies indicated that the cost of implementation and network connectivity within a South African context pose as barriers, most researchers reported that tele-audiology provides a reliable, time-efficient, cost-effective, and easily accessible alternative for ototoxicity monitoring. Hardware including the WAHTS, KUDUwave, and OtoID, along with software such as the TabSINT, Otocalc, uHear, and the hearTest, have proven to be useful for ototoxicity monitoring. A need for further investigations regarding the feasibility of tele-audiology implementation in South Africa is evident. Despite this, it provides audiologists with an opportunity to offer contact-less services during COVID-19, thus, confirming its versatility as an augmentative method for ototoxicity monitoring.

Environmentally superior technologies for swine waste management

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Humenik ◽  
J.M. Rice ◽  
C.L. Baird ◽  
R. Koelsch
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Operating Period ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Curriculum Project ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Work Supports

The high nitrogen content of animal waste provides opportunities for processing to marketable byproducts and challenges for proper management to avoid harmful impacts. Technologies are being developed to conserve and utilize nitrogen as well as other valuable constituents in animal waste. Advanced treatment technologies are also being developed for housing/waste management systems that address public concerns and protect soil, water and air quality. Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms and Frontline Farmers have entered into an agreement with North Carolina to develop environmentally superior technologies that meet these goals. The 18 candidate technologies are identified and three with the longest operating period, and thus most data to date are discussed. Methods for distributing this information for implementation of cost-effective technologies through the Curriculum Project and the National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management will be presented. This work supports priority goals to conserve and utilize valuable animal waste constituents while also protecting against negative impacts.

scholarly journals Management of DBP formation using enhanced treatment technologies and an array of prediction tools

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sandhya Rao Poleneni
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
Keywords Treatment

Inefficient removal of total organic carbon (TOC) leads to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) when a disinfectant is added. This study is performed in an effort to develop a simple, non-invasive and cost-effective technology that will effectively lower organic precursors by having water utilities reuse their treatment residual solids. Jar tests are used to simulate drinking water treatment processes with coagulants -- aluminum sulfate (alum), poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) and ferric chloride and their residual solids. Ten Coagulant-to-Residual (C/R) ratios are tested with water from the Missouri River and alluvial ground waters. This treatment results in heavier floc formation and leads to improved sedimentation of organics and additional removal of aluminum and iron. An average of 21Percent, 28 percent and 33 percent additional TOC removal can be achieved with C/R ratios less than 1 with alum, PACl and ferric chloride respectively. Data analysis proves that turbidity cannot solely be used as surrogate for TOC. Keywords: Treatment Residual solids, Coagulation, Flocculation, TOC Removal, Turbidity.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 16-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Albalawneh ◽  
Tsun-Kuo Chang
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Greywater Reuse

In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse.  Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households.  All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios.  The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71.  Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to greywater.  However, some countries have established specialized standards for greywater reuse. Technologies used for greywater treatment are classified into physical, chemical, biological, and natural systems, or a combination of these.  Using physical greywater treatment processes solely as the main treatment method is insufficient for greywater treatment, chemical greywater treatment processes are attractive for single household low-strength greywater treatment systems, as the variability in the strength and flow of the greywater did not affect their treatment performance.  Constructed wetland can be regarded as the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for greywater treatment and reuses.  Finally, the study suggests the possible greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuse purposes.

Physical Treatment Technologies for Landfill Leachate

2015 ◽  
pp. 250-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed J. K. Bashir ◽  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Muhd Nazmi Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Azan Tamar Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Standard Limit

Landfill leachate is a refractory wastewater and highly polluted with heterogeneous materials which is harmful to the environment and living organisms. Thus, leachate requires efficient treatment system to ensure the quality of final discharge is within the standard limit. Moreover the treatment process must be cost effective in order to be accepted. Many treatment processes were examined for leachate treatment including biological, chemical and physical process. This chapter discuss the treatability of leachate using physical processes such as evaporation, flotation, adsorption, membrane, ultrasonication, air stripping. It can be concluded that physical processes are not recommended to stand alone for leachate treatment. Nevertheless, adsorption and membrane technologies are very effective for post treatment of leachate. Aeration, sedimentation, evaporation, and sonication can be used effectively as pre-treatment processes.

Physical Treatment Technologies for Landfill Leachate

2020 ◽  
pp. 717-753
Author(s):  
Mohammed J. K. Bashir ◽  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Muhd Nazmi Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Azan Tamar Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Standard Limit

Landfill leachate is a refractory wastewater and highly polluted with heterogeneous materials which is harmful to the environment and living organisms. Thus, leachate requires efficient treatment system to ensure the quality of final discharge is within the standard limit. Moreover the treatment process must be cost effective in order to be accepted. Many treatment processes were examined for leachate treatment including biological, chemical and physical process. This chapter discuss the treatability of leachate using physical processes such as evaporation, flotation, adsorption, membrane, ultrasonication, air stripping. It can be concluded that physical processes are not recommended to stand alone for leachate treatment. Nevertheless, adsorption and membrane technologies are very effective for post treatment of leachate. Aeration, sedimentation, evaporation, and sonication can be used effectively as pre-treatment processes.

Exploring recidivism in the South African context.

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Bedell ◽  
Nicholas Challis ◽  
Charl Cilliers ◽  
Joy Cole ◽  
Wendy Corry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
South African Context ◽  
The South ◽  
African Context
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