scholarly journals The minimum protein requirement for growing dairy heifers

1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Solomon Fine
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Nutritional Factor ◽  
Large Farm

Text from page 1: "By minimum protein requirements of growing dairy heifers is meant the least quantity of protein in the ration which will allow normal growth to proceed. A study or investigation leading to a knowledge of the minimum amount of protein to be fed growing dairy heifers, to solve the fundamental problems should be conducted with animals receiving purified food substances, and every nutritional factor should be under complete control. It is obvious that this is entirely impractical with such large farm animals as dairy heifers. Consequently the results cannot be entirely satisfactory from a scientific standpoint. Yet if such experiments are properly controlled they should give results of value both scientifically and practically."

scholarly journals Normal growth of dairy heifers

1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
C. Lloyd (Charles Lloyd) Burlingham
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
The Cost

The Federal Office of Farm Management reports (March, 1914) that there are 21,749,651 dairy cows in the United States. Considering the average productive life to be six of seven years, it is evident that 3,000,000 to 3,500,000 heifers must be grown each year to maintain the present number of dairy cows. The Government estimate of the cost of raising each to a productive age is $61.41. It therefore is important, not only that they be economically grown, but that they make such growth as will result in greatest production at maturity. A review of literature shows that little has been done experimentally on the growth of dairy cattle. While the scientific facts of growth have been worked out with man and with laboratory animals, almost no application of these facts has been made to the development of farm animals. The basis of this thesis is a study of growth of dairy heifers from birth to first parturition. The development of animals kept under different planes of nutrition is considered and compared with that made by those fed rations which are thought to be suitable for normal growth. From this data a standard of growth is calculated showing the size a heifer should attain at any particular age.

scholarly journals The protein requirement of infants at the age of about 1 year

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chan ◽  
J. C. Waterlow
Keyword(s):  
Close Agreement ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Net Protein

1. A study has been made of the protein requirements for maintenance and for growth of children about 1 year old who had recovered from malnutrition. 2. The diets used supplied 120kcal/kg daily; the sole source of protein was dried skim milk. 3. The average maintenance requirement, measured by nitrogen balance, was found to be 100 mg N/kg day. At this level of intake the net protein utilization (NPU) of cow's milk protein approached 100. 4. An intake of 200 mg N/kg day was enough to produce normal growth and N retention. 5. The amount of N retained was 2.9 g/100 g weight gain, indicating that no excess of fat was being laid down. 6. These results are in close agreement with theoretical studies of the protein requirement of children at this age.

scholarly journals Growth, Protein and Energy Intake in Children with PKU Taking a Weaning Protein Substitute in the First Two Years of Life: A Case-Control Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Evans ◽  
Anne Daly ◽  
Jo Wildgoose ◽  
Barbara Cochrane ◽  
Satnam Chahal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Protein Substitute ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Control Study

Growth issues have been observed in young children with phenylketonuria (PKU), but studies are conflicting. In infancy, there is an increasing trend to introduce a second-stage semi-solid weaning protein substitute (WPS) but there is concern that this may not meet energy requirements. In this longitudinal, prospective study, 20 children with PKU transitioning to a WPS, and 20 non-PKU controls were observed monthly from weaning commencement (4–6 months) to 12 m and at 15, 18 and 24 months of age for: weight, length, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), energy and macronutrient intake. Growth parameters were within normal range at all ages in both groups with no significant difference in mean z-scores except for accelerated length in the PKU group. No child with PKU had z-scores < −2 for any growth parameter at age 2 years. Total protein and energy intake in both groups were similar at all ages; however, from 12–24 months in the PKU group, the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate increased (60%) but from fat decreased (25%) and inversely for controls (48% and 36%). In PKU, use of low volume WPS meets Phe-free protein requirements, facilitates transition to solid foods and supports normal growth. Further longitudinal study of growth, body composition and energy/nutrient intakes in early childhood are required to identify any changing trends.

Influence of a dietary excess of rumen degradable or undegradable protein on the lactation performance of Dairy cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
B. Sloan ◽  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
D.G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Rumen Microflora ◽  
Degradable Protein

The basis of the proposed scheme introduced by the A.R.C. (1980) for calculating the protein requirements of ruminants is the division of the protein requirement into two parts, (1) a minimum rumen degradable protein (RDP) supply to satisfy the requirements of the rumen microflora for cell wall synthesis, (2) a minimum undegradable protein (UDP) supply (protein that passes through the rumen to the intestine) which supplements the microbial protein produced in the rumen ensuring the tissue protein requirements of the ruminant can be met. The purpose of the experiment reported here was to investigate the effects on lactation parameters of feeding early lactation cattle levels of UDP or RDP above the minimum requirements proposed by the A.R.C. (1980).

scholarly journals Indicator amino acid oxidation protein requirement estimate in endurance-trained men 24 h postexercise exceeds both the EAR and current athlete guidelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. E741-E748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Bandegan ◽  
Glenda Courtney-Martin ◽  
Mahroukh Rafii ◽  
Paul B. Pencharz ◽  
Peter W. R. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Pattern ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Protein Requirements

Despite studies indicating increased protein requirements in strength-trained or endurance-trained (ET) individuals, the Institute of Medicine has concluded that “no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise,” and the controversy regarding exercise effects on protein requirements continues. The objective of this study was to determine the dietary protein requirement of healthy young ET men (≥1 yr training experience) 24 h post exercise (to minimize any acute effects of the previous training session) by measuring the oxidation of ingested l-[1-13C]phenylalanine to 13CO2 in response to graded intakes of protein (indicator amino acid oxidation technique). Eight men [maximal oxygen consumption 64.1 ml·kg−1·min−1 (SD 3.7)] were each studied 24 h postexercise repeatedly with protein intakes ranging from 0.3 to 3.5 g·kg−1·day−1. Protein was fed as an amino acid mixture based on the protein pattern in egg, except for phenylalanine and tyrosine, which were maintained at constant amounts across all protein intakes. For 2 days before the study day, all participants consumed 1.6 g protein·kg−1·day−1. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein was determined by applying a nonlinear mixed-effects change-point regression analysis to F13CO2 (label tracer oxidation in 13CO2 breath), which identified a breakpoint in the F13CO2 in response to the graded amounts of protein. The EAR for protein and the upper 95% confidence interval were 2.1 and 2.6 g·kg−1·day−1, respectively. These data suggest that the protein EAR for ET men 24 h postexercise exceeds the Institute of Medicine EAR and established athlete guidelines by ~3.5- and 1.3-fold, respectively.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

scholarly journals Winter rations for dairy heifers

1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Charles Elmer Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Dairy Heifer

Text from introduction: The experiment stationre ports show that it costs $70 to raise a heifer to two years old, and that 70 percent of this cost is for feed. The greater portion of this c ost is for feed when the animals are not on pasture. This makes the winter ration the greatest item of cost in raising a dairy heifer to maturity. It is thus of much importance that these rations shall produce normal growth at a reasonable cost.

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein × Gyr calves fed milk with milk replacer containing increasing dry-matter concentrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (15) ◽  
pp. 1800
Author(s):  
M. R. Jolomba ◽  
A. L. Silva ◽  
C. M. Veloso ◽  
R. A. Azevedo ◽  
S. G. Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Context There is a lack of studies concerning the nutrient requirements of dairy calves, mainly, evaluating different genetic groups. Aims The objective was to quantify energy and protein requirements of dairy calves up to 60 days, testing the influence of genetic composition (Holstein or crossbred Holstein × Gyr) on these requirements. Methods The study involved 42 bull calves (3 days of age), including animals with less than 15/16 Holstein composition (considered crossbred) and animals with more than 15/16 Holstein pedigree (considered purebred). Six calves were slaughtered at the start of the experiment to estimate the initial body composition of the animals. Of the remaining animals, four formed the maintenance group (fed 3 L/day of raw milk), and the other 32 were distributed into four treatments, which consisted of 6 L/day of raw milk, with increasing DM contents of 13.5%, 16.1%, 18.2% and 20.4% respectively. The DM contents were corrected for adding milk replacer to the raw milk. All animals had free access to starter feed and water. Digestibility trials were conducted at 28 and 56 days of life, with total faeces collection being performed for 5 days and urine collection for a period of 24 h. At 60 days of life, the animals were slaughtered to determine their body composition. Key results Net energy requirements for maintenance and metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance were 57.6 and 86.8 kcal/(empty bodyweight, EBW)0.75.day respectively. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for maintenance was 66%. Net energy requirements for gain (NEg, Mcal/day) can be estimated by the following equation: , where EBG is empty body gain (kg/day) and EBW is in kilograms. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain was 27%. The metabolisable-protein requirement for maintenance was 3.22 g/EBW0.75.day. Net protein requirement for gain (NPg, g/day) can be estimated by the following equation:, where RE is retained energy (Mcal/day). The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable protein for gain was 59.1%. Conclusions Genetic group does not affect energy or protein requirements of pre-weaned calves. The estimates presented here can be used to calculate nutrient requirements of pre-weaned calves aged up to 60 days. Implications Inclusion of milk replacer in the liquid feed had a negative impact on diet quality.

The protein requirements of Australian white turkeys from hatching to twelve weeks

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
L Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

One experiment from hatching to six weeks and two from six to twelve weeks were carried out to determine the protein requirement for maximum growth and feed efficiency of Australian white poults. The results were compared with the present recommended levels. Male, female, and unsexed poults that were fed a protein level of 32 per cent were significantly heavier at six weeks old than those fed either 24 or 28 per cent protein (males P<0.01 ; females and unsexed poults P<0.001). Efficiency of feed conversion was not significantly affected by any of these protein levels. From six to twelve weeks, 21 per cent protein was necessary for maximum growth of unsexed and male poults, but 19 per cent protein was adequate for female poults. Efficiency of feed conversion at 21 per cent was greater than at 17 or 19 per cent and equal to that at 25 or 27 per cent.

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