scholarly journals Winter rations for dairy heifers

1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Charles Elmer Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Dairy Heifer

Text from introduction: The experiment stationre ports show that it costs $70 to raise a heifer to two years old, and that 70 percent of this cost is for feed. The greater portion of this c ost is for feed when the animals are not on pasture. This makes the winter ration the greatest item of cost in raising a dairy heifer to maturity. It is thus of much importance that these rations shall produce normal growth at a reasonable cost.

scholarly journals Urinary nitrogen concentration from dairy heifers grazing kale supplemented with either plantain or perennial ryegrass baleage in winter

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Judson ◽  
G.R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
N Loading ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The effect of feeding two different supplements (perennial ryegrass or plantain baleage) on urinary nitrogen (N) excretion from dairy heifers (8 months old, 180 kg liveweight (LW)) grazing kale was examined in two successive winters. Heifers (n=90 and 80 in Years 1 and 2, respectively) were offered 2.5 kg DM kale/100 kg LW/day and approximately 3 kg DM/heifer/day of either perennial ryegrass or plantain baleage. Urine samples were collected 2-4 times throughout winter, acidified and frozen before N analysis. Despite similar apparent N-intake, urinary N concentration from heifers supplemented with plantain baleage (0.36% N) was lower (P0.05) for heifers fed either supplement. The results indicate that feeding plantain baleage to dairy heifers grazing kale in winter may be a useful approach to decrease the N loading in urine patches with subsequent reductions in nitrate leaching. Keywords: dairy heifer, kale, plantain, urinary nitrogen

Management practices associated with high mortality among preweaned dairy heifers

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLARD C. LOSINGER ◽  
A. JUD HEINRICHS
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Operation Analysis ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
High Death ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
Operation Characteristics

In a national survey of US dairy operations, 1685 dairy operations reported 47057 new dairy heifers (either births or acquisitions) and 4427 deaths (9·4%) of preweaned dairy heifer calves over a 3 month period. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify management practices associated with high mortality among preweaned heifers in dairy operations where at least three dairy heifer calves were born alive or moved on to the operation. Analysis was done twice: once by separating all operations by size into high or low mortality; again using only operations with <2 and >10% mortality to eliminate dairy operations with intermediate levels of mortality from the comparisons. Results were similar. Dairy operations in the West were more likely to fall in the high mortality category than dairy operations in the rest of the country. In addition, the following dairy operation characteristics were associated with high death levels in both models: rolling herd average milk production <7710 kg, preweaned heifers placed in groups of seven or more, a male having primary responsibility for the care and feeding of preweaned heifers, calves not receiving hay or other roughages until >20 d old, calves fed on mastitic or antibiotic milk after colostrum and calves not given whole milk after colostrum.

scholarly journals What Is the Maximum Worth of a Dairy Heifer?

EDIS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2004 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert De Vries ◽  
Russ Giesy
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Extension ◽  
Cooperative Extension Service ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Maximum Price ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
Animal Sciences

This fact sheet discusses the factors that determine the maximum price a dairy producer can afford to pay now for dairy heifers when the dairy facility is not operating at full capacity. The approach outlined in this fact sheet is not directly appropriate for making decisions about replacing a cow with a heifer. However, the approach is appropriate when dairy facilities have expanded but are still vacant. Tax implications are ignored and not discussed. This document is AN148, one of a series of the Department of Animal Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, UF/IFAS. Published March 2004.  AN148/DS176: What Is the Maximum Worth of a Dairy Heifer? (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals The minimum protein requirement for growing dairy heifers

1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Solomon Fine
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Nutritional Factor ◽  
Large Farm

Text from page 1: "By minimum protein requirements of growing dairy heifers is meant the least quantity of protein in the ration which will allow normal growth to proceed. A study or investigation leading to a knowledge of the minimum amount of protein to be fed growing dairy heifers, to solve the fundamental problems should be conducted with animals receiving purified food substances, and every nutritional factor should be under complete control. It is obvious that this is entirely impractical with such large farm animals as dairy heifers. Consequently the results cannot be entirely satisfactory from a scientific standpoint. Yet if such experiments are properly controlled they should give results of value both scientifically and practically."

scholarly journals Normal growth of dairy heifers

1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
C. Lloyd (Charles Lloyd) Burlingham
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
The Cost

The Federal Office of Farm Management reports (March, 1914) that there are 21,749,651 dairy cows in the United States. Considering the average productive life to be six of seven years, it is evident that 3,000,000 to 3,500,000 heifers must be grown each year to maintain the present number of dairy cows. The Government estimate of the cost of raising each to a productive age is $61.41. It therefore is important, not only that they be economically grown, but that they make such growth as will result in greatest production at maturity. A review of literature shows that little has been done experimentally on the growth of dairy cattle. While the scientific facts of growth have been worked out with man and with laboratory animals, almost no application of these facts has been made to the development of farm animals. The basis of this thesis is a study of growth of dairy heifers from birth to first parturition. The development of animals kept under different planes of nutrition is considered and compared with that made by those fed rations which are thought to be suitable for normal growth. From this data a standard of growth is calculated showing the size a heifer should attain at any particular age.

scholarly journals Review: Behaviour and its role in the nutritional management of the growing dairy heifer

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J DeVries
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

There has recently been a significant increase in the amount of scientific research relating dairy cattle behaviour to nutritional management, particularly with respect to the interaction with health. Much of this research has been focused on using information on the natural behavioural patterns of dairy cattle to improve management practices. As with calves and mature dairy cattle, the behaviour of growing replacement dairy heifers interacts with various nutritional management practices. For replacement dairy heifers, much of the research in this area has been focused on how these interactions relate to different feed delivery methods, the amount of feed provided, and stocking density at the feed bunk. This review describes empirical work focused on understanding how nutritional management practices affect heifer behaviour, and how these practices may affect the health, productivity, and welfare of these animals. In particular, evidence will be provided for those practices (such as total mixed ration feeding, feeding for ad libitum intake, and reducing feed bunk competition) that promote feeding behaviour patterns related to more consistent nutrient intake and improved rumen health. Even though the behavioural effects of these nutritional practices are known, additional research is still needed to further demonstrate the possible physiological consequences (e.g., rumen pH, growth rate) of these changes in behaviour. This information is needed so that further recommendations can be made on these practices so these animals may be raised for maximum production potential, while maintaining their behavioural needs, health and overall welfare.Key words: Behaviour, nutritional management, replacement dairy heifer

scholarly journals The energy requirements for the normal growth of dairy heifers

1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James R. (James Renfrew) Dice
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Young Animal ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Growing Cattle

Text from introduction: "There are at least two reasons why more definite knowledge of the energy requirements of growing cattle are desirable. First, the energy requirement of the animal is known to be high and because of the increased cost of feeds with high energy value there is a greater economic demand to know the actual energy requirement of a young animal. Second, if an intelligent study is to be made of the requirement of a growing animal for any other constituent of the ration, it is quite essential that the energy requirement be known."

A review of dairy heifer rearing and its effect on heifer performance, longevity, rearing costs and farm income

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Jean K Margerison
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

The length of time dairy heifers survive in a herd and longevity of dairy cattle, was found to decrease significantly between 1981 and 1992, with the average herd life of a dairy cow in the 1990's declined to 33 (± 0.38) months or 2.75 years (Durr, Monardes, Cue and Philpot, 1997). In the UK, 21 % of dairy heifers are culled during the first lactation (MDC, 1998) while in the EU 33.4 % of heifers complete only one lactation (Durr et al., 1997). In the UK dairy herd 48 % of heifers complete three lactations (MDC, 2000), while in the EU as a whole only 17 % of heifers remain in the herd for their third lactation (Durr et al., 1997).

Total antioxidant capacity: A tool for evaluating the nutritional status of dairy heifers and cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mandebvu ◽  
J. B. Castillo ◽  
D. J. Steckley ◽  
E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
Key Words Antioxidant

The nutritional status of dairy heifers and cows in Nova Scotia and Ontario was evaluated by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plasma antioxidants. Lactating cows had higher TAC levels compared to dry cows (P < 0.005). The TAC levels in cows were higher in Ontario compared to Nova Scotia (P < 0.001), and varied with changes in seasons, being highest in winter and summer in Nova Scotia and highest in the fall and spring in Ontario (P < 0.001). Key words: Antioxidant, dairy heifer

The influence of positive human-animal interaction during rearing on the approach behaviour of young dairy heifers

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. PC09-PC09 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bertenshaw ◽  
P. Rowlinson
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Modern Management ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Dairy Heifer ◽  
Human Animal Interaction ◽  
Animal Interaction ◽  
Regular Contact

Modern management of dairy heifers leads to lack of familiarisation with humans. Consequently when the dairy heifer calves and enters the milking herd in close contact with humans whom she innately fears, her productivity and welfare are at risk. The rearing period has potential for shaping the heifers experiences of people prior to the regular contact of milking where productivity can suffer and behaviour be disruptive. This experiment was to determine if positive treatment reduced fear of humans and if so if heifers generalise this response to other humans. The results will be used in further analysis relating to subsequent measures of behaviour, production and welfare associated with milking.

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