Optimal design and evaluation of a multi-shank structure based neural probe

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1373-1380
Author(s):  
Wenguang Zhang ◽  
Xuele Yin ◽  
Xuhui Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Electrode ◽  
Tissue Strain ◽  
Neural Electrodes ◽  
Vibration Attenuation ◽  
Long Lifetime

In order to develop long-lifetime neural electrodes, the insertion tissue injury caused by two optimized neural electrode (convex streamline electrode and vibration attenuation electrode) models were evaluated compared with a reference electrode. Based on the experimental evaluation system for testing tissue injury, the effects of insertion speeds on tissue injury of the two optimized electrodes with different insertion depths were studied. The maximum tissue strain caused by the two optimized neural electrodes firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of insertion speed at the depths of 3 mm and 4.5 mm. The insertion forces caused by vibration attenuation electrode are steady with the change of insertion speed. The convex streamline neural electrode caused less tissue injury compared with the other two electrodes. The higher or lower insertion speed causes smaller tissue strain for the two optimized electrodes, which is conductive to set implantation parameters to minimize tissue injury.

Experimental evaluation of optimal-designed neural electrodes based on simulated implantation system

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1401-1409
Author(s):  
Wenguang Zhang ◽  
Xuele Yin ◽  
Jie Xie ◽  
Yakun Ma ◽  
Zhengwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Electrode ◽  
Tissue Strain ◽  
Neural Electrodes ◽  
Vibration Attenuation ◽  
Long Lifetime

In order to develop long-lifetime neural electrodes, the insertion tissue injury caused by two optimized neural electrode (convex streamline electrode and vibration attenuation electrode) models were evaluated compared with a reference electrode. Based on the experimental evaluation system for testing tissue injury, the effects of insertion speeds on tissue injury of the two optimized electrodes with different insertion depths were studied. The maximum tissue strain caused by the two optimized neural electrodes firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of insertion speed at the depths of 3 mm and 4.5 mm. The insertion forces caused by vibration attenuation electrode are steady with the change of insertion speed. The convex streamline neural electrode caused less tissue injury compared with the other two electrodes. The higher or lower insertion speed causes smaller tissue strain for the two optimized electrodes, which is conductive to set implantation parameters to minimize tissue injury.

Relationship between the membrane potential of the contractile vacuole complex and its osmoregulatory activity inParamecium multimicronucleatum

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (20) ◽  
pp. 3261-3270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi K. Grønlien ◽  
Christian Stock ◽  
Marilynn S. Aihara ◽  
Richard D. Allen ◽  
Yutaka Naitoh
Keyword(s):  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYThe electric potential of the contractile vacuole (CV) of Paramecium multimicronucleatum was measured in situ using microelectrodes,one placed in the CV and the other (reference electrode) in the cytosol of a living cell. The CV potential in a mechanically compressed cell increased in a stepwise manner to a maximal value (approximately 80 mV) early in the fluid-filling phase. This stepwise change was caused by the consecutive reattachment to the CV of the radial arms, where the electrogenic sites are located. The current generated by a single arm was approximately 1.3×10-10 A. When cells adapted to a hypotonic solution were exposed to a hypertonic solution, the rate of fluid segregation, RCVC, in the contractile vacuole complex (CVC) diminished at the same time as immunological labelling for V-ATPase disappeared from the radial arms. When the cells were re-exposed to the previous hypotonic solution, the CV potential, which had presumably dropped to near zero after the cell's exposure to the hypertonic solution, gradually returned to its maximum level. This increase in the CV potential occurred in parallel with the recovery of immunological labelling for V-ATPase in the radial arm and the resumption of RCVC or fluid segregation. Concanamycin B, a potent V-ATPase inhibitor, brought about significant decreases in both the CV potential and RCVC. We confirm that (i) the electrogenic site of the radial arm is situated in the decorated spongiome, and (ii) the V-ATPase in the decorated spongiome is electrogenic and is necessary for fluid segregation in the CVC. The CV potential remained at a constant high level(approximately 80 mV), whereas RCVC varied between cells depending on the osmolarity of the adaptation solution. Moreover, the CV potential did not change even though RCVC increased when cells adapted to one osmolarity were exposed to a lower osmolarity, implying that RCVC is not directly correlated with the number of functional V-ATPase complexes present in the CVC.

scholarly journals A literature review on complications and management of use sodium hypochlorite in endodontics

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-193
Author(s):  
Sunny Sharma ◽  
Sonali ◽  
Asusa ◽  
Chander Udhey ◽  
Puneet Kour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Soft Tissue Injury ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Canal Therapy ◽  
Other Hand

The most commonly used irrigant in the field of endodontics is sodium hypochlorite in the procedure of root canal therapy. Although the use of sodium hypochlorite is quite safe but on the other hand when it comes in to direct contact with the soft tissue, it can result in soft tissue injury.

ELECTRODE POTENTIALS OF THORIUM TETRACHLORIDE IN ALKALI CHLORIDE MELTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1315-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Srinivasan ◽  
S. N. Flengas
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alkali Chloride ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Silver Chloride Reference Electrode ◽  
Chloride Melts ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

The electrode potentials of the system Th, ThCl4 (KCl, NaCl) were measured at various concentrations of thorium chloride, and at temperatures between 670 °C and 850 °C, using a silver – silver chloride reference electrode. It was shown by a direct gravimetric method that the reaction,Th(metal) + ThCl4(melt) = 2ThCl2(in melt),postulated by previous investigators, did not take place.The activity coefficients, and the other partial molal properties of the solutions of ThCl4, in the equimolar mixture of potassium and sodium chlorides, were calculated as a function of temperature from the e.m.f. measurements.

Evaluation of Energy-Regenerative Suspension Structure Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Judgment (FCJ)

2010 ◽  
Vol 139-141 ◽  
pp. 2636-2642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Xu ◽  
Xue Xun Guo ◽  
Jian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Electromagnetic Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comprehensive Performance ◽  
Comprehensive Judgment ◽  
Performance Statistics ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Suspension Structure

Energy regenerative suspension can transform the shock energy produced in the driving process into electrical or hydraulic energy. This paper proposes a new hydraulic electromagnetic energy regenerative suspension design, and makes a comparison with the other two energy regenerative suspension designs by studying their structures and working principles, and makes an evaluation system by using fuzzy comprehensive judgment. According to the importance of the evaluating indexes, their subjective weights are gotten by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP); according to the performance statistics data, their objective weights are gotten by using entropy method; the general weights can be gotten from the subjective and the objective ones; and the evaluating value of suspension comprehensive performance can be calculated according to the general weights and the performance statistics data of evaluating indexes. The result reveals that the hydraulic electromagnetic energy regenerative suspension design has obvious advantages and is the most feasible design.

OPTIMAL DESIGN OF STRUCTURES USING THE SIMULTANEOUS PERTURBATION STOCHASTIC APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM

2009 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FALLAHIAN ◽  
D. HAMIDIAN ◽  
S. M. SEYEDPOOR
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Stochastic Approximation ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation ◽  
Stochastic Nature ◽  
Problem Dimension

This paper presents an application of the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm to optimization of structures. This method requires only two structural analyses in each cycle of optimization process, regardless of optimization problem dimension. This characteristic is very promising in reduction of computational cost of optimization process, especially in problems with a large number of variables to be optimized. Furthermore, the stochastic nature of the SPSA can enhance the convergence of the method to achieve the global optimum. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method some benchmark truss examples are considered. The numerical results demonstrate the competence of the method in comparison with the other methods found in the literature.

scholarly journals CRISPys: Optimal sgRNA design for editing multiple members of a gene family using the CRISPR system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gal Hyams ◽  
Shiran Abadi ◽  
Adi Avni ◽  
Eran Halperin ◽  
Eilon Shani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
The Other ◽  
List Type ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Eukaryotic Genomes

AbstractThe discovery and development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in the past few years has made eukaryotic genome editing, and specifically gene knockout for reverse genetics, a simpler, efficient, and effective task. The system is directed to the genomic target site by a programmed single-guide RNA (sgRNA) that base-pairs with the DNA target, subsequently leading to site-specific double-strand breaks. However, many gene families in eukaryotic genomes exhibit partially overlapping functions and, thus, the knockout of one gene might be concealed by the function of the other. In such cases, the reduced specificity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which may lead to the cleavage of genomic sites that are not identical to the sgRNA, can be harnessed for the simultaneous knockout of multiple homologous genes. Here, we introduce CRISPys, an algorithm for the optimal design of sgRNAs that would potentially target multiple members of a given gene family. CRISPys first clusters all the potential targets in the input sequences into a hierarchical tree structure that specifies the similarity among them. Then, sgRNAs are proposed in the internal nodes of the tree by embedding mismatches where needed, such that the cleavage efficiencies of the induced targets are maximized. We suggest several approaches for designing the optimal individual sgRNA, and an approach that provides a set of sgRNAs that also accounts for the homologous relationships among gene-family members. We further show by in-silico examination over all gene families in the Solanum lycopersicum genome that our suggested approach outperforms simpler alignment-based techniques.Graphical abstractHighlightsMany genes in eukaryotic genomes exhibit partially overlapping functions. This imposes difficulties on reverse-genetics, as the knockout of one gene might be concealed by the function of the other.We present CRISPys, a graph-based algorithm for the optimal design of CRISPR systems given a set of redundant genes.CRISPys harnesses the lack of specificity of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique, providing researchers the ability to simultaneously mutate multiple genes.We show that CRISPys outperforms existing approaches that are based on simple alignment of the input gene family.

scholarly journals Relations entre deux institutions noosphériennes : effets d’un système d’évaluation de manuels didactiquesRelations between two noospherian institutions: effects of an evaluation system for teaching manuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Danielly Regina Kaspary dos Anjos
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Anthropological Theory ◽  
Institutional Relations

RésuméCe texte constitue une brève présentation d’une recherche de doctorat encore en phase de développement. Inspirés de la notion d’assujettissement aux rapports institutionnels, on cherche à comprendre des relations entre deux institutions qui font partie de la noosphère, en considérant une institution comme contrainte de l’autre. Le contexte analysé est celui du système d’évaluation de manuels didactiques brésiliens. Pour mener ce travail, nous nous référons aussi au modèle T4TEL développé au sein de la théorie anthropologique du didactique.Mots-clés : Noosphère, Rapport institutionnel, Assujettissement.AbstractThis text is a brief presentation of a doctoral research project in development. Inspired by the notion of subjection to institutional relations, it seeks to understand relations between two institutions that are part of the noosphere, considering that one institution is a constraint of the other. The analyzed context is the Brazilian system of evaluation of textbooks. To carry out this work, we also refer to the T4TEL model developed within the anthropological theory of the didactic.Keywords: Noosphere, Institutional report, Subjection

scholarly journals Two essays on new B2B sales incentive mechanisms for enhancing selling effectiveness and coordinating inside and outside sales forces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yeji Lim
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Sales Force ◽  
Compensation System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Compensation Mechanism ◽  
Incentive Mechanisms ◽  
Target Value ◽  
Incentive Plans ◽  
Sales Forces

Essay 1: Motivating Salespeople to Enhance Selling Effectiveness: The Role and Optimal Design of Activity-Based Incentive Plans This paper provides a rationale and model for the use and optimal design of salesplus activity-based incentive plans that are quite common in sales management practice. So far, there is no theoretical research providing guidance on why and how to structure such mechanisms. To meet this need, I argue that the role of appropriate activity-based sales force incentives is to increase selling effectiveness just like the usual sales commissions are utilized for motivating higher selling effort. I conceptualize that enhanced selling effectiveness stems from greater thinking efforts in the preparation for as well as execution of customer sales calls, and appropriately selected activities induce such thinking efforts. By relaxing the assumption of fixed selling effectiveness that is present in all agency-theoretic sales force incentive models to date, and allowing for adaptable selling effectiveness and sales that are a function of both selling and thinking efforts, I derive and compare optimal sales plus activity-based incentive plans with only sales-based incentives. I establish the conditions under which the former multidimensional plans produce outcomes for both the firm and the salesperson that are superior, as well as provide guidance for their operational design in practice. Essay 2: Compensation Mechanism for Coordinating Inside and Outside Sales Forces To ensure cooperation between inside and outside salespeople of business-to-business (B2B) sales organizations I propose and analytically demonstrate the benefits of a new joint compensation system. This proposed new compensation system is designed to facilitate the exchange of well-qualified leads between inside and outside salespeople. The motivation for designing this new system is the Internet-induced fundamental changes in B2B buyers purchasing behavior from a reactive or sellerdriven to a proactive or buyer-driven approach. These trends have led to inside sales forces rising in importance and value relative to outside sales forces in B2B sales. However, they pose problems to B2B selling firms: 1) dissonance between inside and outside salespeople; 2) loss of potential customers as each sales group pursues those leads of most relevance to the group; and 3) increasing costs when each group passes on poorly qualified leads to the other group. To mitigate these problems, my proposed compensation mechanism ties each sales groups incentives to achievement against self-selected targets for leads to be passed on to the other group. In this research, I describe and investigate the impacts of properties of this compensation plan and also compare its impact on salespeoples utilities and earnings, and firms profits, with those of two other incentive mechanisms (i) A system that rewards salespeople for their own performance; and (ii) A system under which salespeople are partly rewarded for corporate performance but receive no extra incentive for exchanging leads. My simulation results show that the target-value compensation system is optimal for the firm and salespeople. More specifically, the target-value compensation system ensures that (1) salespeople of one group will endeavor to deliver well-qualified leads to the other side and (2) firms do not need to observe sales forces actions.

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