Quantitative evaluation of elasticity of lower orbicularis oris muscle during the lip closing measurement using sonographic elastography

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 361-371
Author(s):  
Sachiko Hayashi-Sakai ◽  
Taichi Kobayashi ◽  
Makoto Sakamoto ◽  
Takafumi Hayashi ◽  
Yusuke Morise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Strain Ratio ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Tension Load ◽  
Closing Force ◽  
Orbicularis Oris Muscle ◽  
Sonographic Elastography

BACKGROUND: Lip closing functions have never been evaluated from the viewpoint of elastic properties. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the behavior of the lower orbicularis oris muscle during a button-pull exercise to measure lip closing force and quantitatively evaluate its elastic properties using sonographic elastography. METHODS: Appropriate compression loads for elastography were randomly measured on one of three types of acoustic couplers on three examiners. Compression tests were performed on three types of acoustic couplers within the appropriate compression load. Using the acoustic coupler with the lowest elastic modulus, the strain ratio of the lower orbicularis oris muscle during lip closing was measured, and elastography was performed on six males under tension loads of 0–8 N. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient (1, 3) for the tension load of 0 N was 0.81. Elastography showed that the strain ratio values increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the tension load increased. CONCLUSIONS: Combining the data obtained from lip closing test devices and sonographic elastography enabled the muscle performance to be evaluated objectively and accurately.

scholarly journals Load Distribution on PET-G 3D Prints of Honeycomb Cellular Structures under Compression Load

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1983
Author(s):  
Olimpia Basurto-Vázquez ◽  
Elvia P. Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
Graham J. McShane ◽  
Dora I. Medina
Keyword(s):  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Honeycomb Structure ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Displacement Curve ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printing Direction

Energy resulting from an impact is manifested through unwanted damage to objects or persons. New materials made of cellular structures have enhanced energy absorption (EA) capabilities. The hexagonal honeycomb is widely known for its space-filling capacity, structural stability, and high EA potential. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been effectively useful in a vast range of applications. The evolution of these technologies has been studied continuously, with a focus on improving the mechanical and structural characteristics of three-dimensional (3D)-printed models to create complex quality parts that satisfy design and mechanical requirements. In this study, 3D honeycomb structures of novel material polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) were fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method with different infill density values (30%, 70%, and 100%) and printing orientations (edge, flat, and upright). The effectiveness for EA of the design and the effect of the process parameters of infill density and layer printing orientation were investigated by performing in-plane compression tests, and the set of parameters that produced superior results for better EA was determined by analyzing the area under the curve and the welding between the filament layers in the printed object via FDM. The results showed that the printing parameters implemented in this study considerably affected the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PET-G honeycomb structure. The structure with the upright printing direction and 100% infill density exhibited an extension to delamination and fragmentation, thus, a desirable performance with a long plateau region in the load–displacement curve and major absorption of energy.

scholarly journals Fabricación de ladrillos con polvo-residuo de mármol en México

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Ponce Palafox ◽  
Julián Carrillo ◽  
Areli López-Montelongo
Keyword(s):  
Management Plan ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Seismic Demands ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Marble Powder ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Compressive Tests

Resumen La industria del mármol genera gran cantidad de desperdicio en polvo. Estos desechos carecen de un adecuado plan de manejo, además de resultar altamente contaminantes a la población que rodea el lugar de los depósitos de estos materiales. Para ofrecer una solución, en este artículo se presentan los resultados del desarrollo de un ladrillo a base del polvo de mármol. El programa experimental incluye 16 dosificaciones diferentes en las que se varía la cantidad de cemento, cal y arena, y se deja constante el polvo de mármol. El programa incluye el ensayo a compresión de 160 ladrillos, 3 ensayos a compresión en muretes, 3 pruebas de adherencia a compresión en muretes y 48 pruebas de absorción.  Los resultados de compresión y adherencia demostraron que estos ladrillos podrían ser utilizados para la construcción de muros de carga en vivienda desarrolladas en zonas de amenaza sísmica baja. Palabras clave:  Absorción; adherencia; compresión; muros de carga; vivienda   Abstract The marble industry generates large amount of dust waste. These wastes do not have a proper management plan, as well as being highly contaminating the population surrounding the site of the deposits of these materials. To offer a solution, this article shows the results of the development of a brick-based marble powder to achieve sufficient compressive strength to construction masonry walls in low-rise housing. The experimental program includes 16 different dosages that varies the amount of cement, lime, and sand, and keeping constant the marble powder. The program includes the compressive tests for 160 bricks, compressive tests for 3 small walls, validated adherence under compression tests for 3 small walls, and absorption tests for 48 bricks. The results of the test showed that the compression strength of the individual bricks and wall is 4.0 MPa y 1.9 MPa, respectively, and the absorption of the bricks es 21 %. This results of absorption , compression and adhesion are a first indication of the feasibility of used  these bricks for the construction of load-bearing walls in housing developed in areas of low seismic demands. Key Words: Absorption; adhesion; compression; load-bearing walls; housing

The crashworthiness performance of integrally woven sandwich composite panels made using natural and glass fibers

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832096484
Author(s):  
Tohid Dastan ◽  
Aida Safian ◽  
Mohammad Sheikhzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Sandwich Composite ◽  
Sandwich Composites ◽  
Green Composites ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Composite Samples

As a way to save petroleum resources, considerable efforts were made in the last three decades to develop green composites. Green composites are a category of composite materials in which at least one phase (reinforcement or matrix) is made from renewable resources. An attempt was made to present a simple fabrication process to produce hollow integrally woven sandwich composites. In addition, the potential of jute fibers to be utilized as piles in the core of an integrally woven sandwich composite was assessed and compared to the counterparts made using glass fibers. The crashworthiness performances of integrally woven sandwich composite samples considering the effect of relative density, pile material and the presence of polyurethane foam were investigated through performing quasi-static flat-wise compression tests. Based on the findings, the foam-filled integrally woven sandwich composites exhibited stable compression load-displacement response and better energy absorption properties over pure foam, which make them appropriate for automobile interior components. Moreover, a computational cost-efficient finite element modeling was presented and subsequently validated with experimental results.

Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Compressive Deformation Behaviour of 40Cr after Quenching and Tempering

2011 ◽  
Vol 48-49 ◽  
pp. 483-486
Author(s):  
Cheng Liang Hu ◽  
Zhen Zhao ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Xiang Long Xu
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Behaviour ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Double Pass ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Quenching And Tempering ◽  
Amplitude Decrease ◽  
40Cr Steel

40Cr steel is categorized as quenched-tempered steels and is widely used in gears, bolts, couplings, spindles, etc. To study the plastic deformation behaviour of the steel after quenching and tempering, compression and double-pass compression tests have been carried out. The quenched samples are tempered at the temperature of 540oC, 580oC, 600oC and 630oC, and the microstructures, compression load, hardness after compression and load of double-pass compression are investigated. The compression peak load is higher when the tempering temperature is lower. The hardness average and its increase amplitude decrease with the tempering temperature. An interesting phenomenon of the double-pass compression load can be well explained by the microstructures.

An experimental approach to the thermomechanical characterization of a NiTiCu shape memory alloy using strain gauges

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
Albert Fabregat-Sanjuan ◽  
Francesc Ferrando Piera ◽  
Silvia De la Flor López
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Twist Angle ◽  
Strain Tensor ◽  
Strain Ratio ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Thermal Chamber

In this work, a characterization of a NiTiCu (Ti44.6Ni5Cu (at.%)) shape memory alloy (tube specimens) has been done via tension, compression and torsion tests conditions. Torsion tests were done in a special homemade equipment, which is based on an instrumented dividing head with a specifically designed thermal chamber. This configuration is able to measure torque and twist angle with isothermal tests at different temperatures as well as to apply thermal cycles with a fixed twist angle. Moreover, tube specimens were instrumented with stacked strain gauges rosettes in order to obtain the strain tensor. Strain gauges were also used to calibrate the equipment and to identify the real stress state in torsion tests. The results have shown differences between the shear modulus measured on torsion tests and the shear modulus calculated from the measurements at tension and compression tests due to the tension/compression asymmetry and a non-constant strain ratio value. Thermal cycling tests at different values of fixed twist angles not only have led to characterize the evolution of torque as a function of the temperature but also to understand the different interacting mechanisms in torsion tests.

scholarly journals Validation and Optimization of Proximal Femurs Microstructure Analysis Using High Field and Ultra-High Field MRI

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1603
Author(s):  
Enrico Soldati ◽  
Jerome Vicente ◽  
Daphne Guenoun ◽  
David Bendahan ◽  
Martine Pithioux
Keyword(s):  
High Field ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Fracture Load ◽  
P Value ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
X Ray

Trabecular bone could be assessed non-invasively using MRI. However, MRI does not yet provide resolutions lower than trabecular thickness and a comparative analysis between different MRI sequences at different field strengths and X-ray microtomography (μCT) is still missing. In this study, we compared bone microstructure parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) computed using various MRI approaches, i.e., turbo spin echo (TSE) and gradient recalled echo (GRE) images used at different magnetic fields, i.e., 7T and 3T. The corresponding parameters computed from μCT images and BMD derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used as the ground truth. The correlation between morphological parameters, BMD and fracture load assessed by mechanical compression tests was evaluated. Histomorphometric parameters showed a good agreement between 7T TSE and μCT, with 8% error for trabecular thickness with no significative statistical difference and a good intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.5) for all the extrapolated parameters. No correlation was found between DXA-BMD and all morphological parameters, except for trabecular interconnectivity (R2 > 0.69). Good correlation (p-value < 0.05) was found between failure load and trabecular interconnectivity (R2 > 0.79). These results suggest that MRI could be of interest for bone microstructure assessment. Moreover, the combination of morphological parameters and BMD could provide a more comprehensive view of bone quality.

scholarly journals Analysis of uniaxial compression behavior of hollow concrete block masonry: experimental and analytical approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 802-813
Author(s):  
Loan Bui Thi
Keyword(s):  
Uniaxial Compression ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Concrete Block ◽  
Brick Masonry ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Compression Behavior ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Hollow Brick ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Masonry Prism

This article focuses on the uniaxial compression behavior of concrete hollow brick masonry assembly. This study was performed both by experimental and analytical approaches. In the first experimental part, the compression tests were done according to the European standard EN1052-1. It is highlighted from the tests that this concrete hollow brick masonry is a very high dispersive material and that the compression behavior of this masonry is similar and depends principally on that of bricks. In addition, the vertical splitting failure modes reflect the effect of "expanding/restraining" for this type of masonry and the elastic properties determined from these tests are comparable with the values found in the literature. Then, in the analytical approach, the simple calculations were done by different existed models to predict the compressive strength of masonry prism. A comparison of the results obtained by using these models with those of experimentation shows that only the model which takes into account the effect of vertical joints is mostly adapted for the safe design of this masonry prism under uniaxial compression load.

scholarly journals A New Method of Isometric Dynamometry for the Craniocervical Flexor Muscles

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun P O'Leary ◽  
Bill T Vicenzino ◽  
Gwendolen A Jull
Keyword(s):  
Neck Pain ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Flexor Muscles ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background and Purpose. A new method of dynamometry has been developed to measure the performance of the craniocervical (CC) flexor muscles by recording the torque that these muscles exert on the cranium around the CC junction. This report describes the method, the specifications of the instrument, and the preliminary reliability data. Subjects and Methods. For the reliability study, 20 subjects (12 subjects with a history of neck pain, 8 subjects without a history of neck pain) performed, on 2 occasions, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) tests of CC flexion in 3 positions within the range of CC flexion and submaximal sustained tests (20% and 50% of MVIC) in the middle range of CC flexion (craniocervical neutral position). Reliability coefficients were calculated to establish the test-retest reliability of the measurements. Results. The method demonstrated good reliability over 2 sessions in the measurement of MVIC (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=.79–.93, SEM=0.6–1.4 N·m) and in the measurement of steadiness (standard deviation of torque amplitude) of a sustained contraction at 20% of MVIC (ICC=.74–.80, SEM=0.01 N·m), but not at 50% of MVIC (ICC=.07–.76, SEM=0.04–0.13 N·m). Discussion and Conclusion. The new dynamometry method appears to have potential clinical application in the measurement of craniocervical flexor muscle performance.

Measurements of Elastic Properties of Geomaterials in Laboratory Compression Tests

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Pincus ◽  
F Tatsuoka ◽  
T Sato ◽  
C-S Park ◽  
Y-S Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Compression Tests

Elastic and pseudoviscous properties of coal under quasi-static and impact loadings

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Klepaczko ◽  
T. R. Hsu ◽  
M. N. Bassim
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Viscoelastic Model ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Bedding Plane ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coefficient Of Viscosity

An investigation of the elastic and viscoelastic properties of Nova Scotia coal was carried out over a wide range of strain rates (quasi-static to impact). High resolution stress–strain diagrams for the coal were obtained from compression tests for the lower and medium strain rates up to [Formula: see text] and with the split Hopkinson bar technique for the high strain rate region up to [Formula: see text].The elastic properties of the coal showed a moderate rate sensitivity at low and moderate strain rates.Above the strain rate [Formula: see text] both Young's modulus and the stress level of microcracking initiation σf0isplayed extreme rate sensitivity and was found to be a linear function of strain rate. The associated coefficient of viscosity perpendicular to the bedding plane was η* = 3.08 × 104 Pa∙s.The viscoelastic model so determined can be used to assess the elastic properties of coal at even higher strain rates, a situation that is similar to an explosive loading. Keywords: coal, strain rates, dynamic, viscoelastic properties.

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