scholarly journals Lineage 2 West Nile Virus as Cause of Fatal Neurologic Disease in Horses, South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietjie Venter ◽  
Stacey Human ◽  
Dewald Zaayman ◽  
Gertruida H. Gerdes ◽  
June Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neurologic Disease ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Lineage 2

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Lineage 2 in Horses and Other Animals with Neurologic Disease, South Africa, 2008–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2060-2064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietjie Venter ◽  
Marthi Pretorius ◽  
James A. Fuller ◽  
Elizabeth Botha ◽  
Mpho Rakgotho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neurologic Disease ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Lineage 2

scholarly journals Full-Genome Sequence of a Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Strain from a Fatal Horse Infection in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet L. D. Mentoor ◽  
Alison B. Lubisi ◽  
Truuska Gerdes ◽  
Stacey Human ◽  
June H. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Lineage 2

We report here the complete genome sequence of a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strain that resulted in fatal neurological disease in a horse in South Africa. Several recent reports exist of neurological disease associated with lineage 2 WNV in humans and horses in South Africa and Europe; however, there are a lack of sequencing data from recent fatal cases in Southern Africa, where these strains likely originate. A better understanding of the genetic composition of highly neuroinvasive lineage 2 strains may facilitate the identification of putative genetic factors associated with increased virulence.

scholarly journals Serum neutralising antibody response of seronegative horses against lineage 1 and lineage 2 West Nile virus following vaccination with an inactivated lineage 1 West Nile virus vaccine

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Pearce ◽  
Marietjie Venter ◽  
Tjitske Schouwstra ◽  
Charmaine Van Eeden ◽  
Petrus Jansen van Vuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
South African ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
One Year

Lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strains are endemic in South Africa and cause severe neurological disease in horses. An inactivated lineage 1 vaccine, Duvaxyn WNV, protects mice against challenge with a neuroinvasive South African lineage 2 strain of WNV. To evaluate the potential of Duvaxyn WNV to protect horses against lineage 2 strains of WNV, serum neutralising antibody responses of horses against lineage 1 WNV strain NY385/99 and lineage 2 WNV strain SPU93/01, isolated from a human with meningo-encephalitis in South Africa, were compared following vaccination with two doses of Duvaxyn WNV, 28 days apart, and a third dose one year later. Twenty-two seronegative horses were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: 16 to a vaccinated group and six retained as unvaccinated controls. Blood samples were taken from all horses on study days 0, 28, 35, 42, 49, 91, 141, 182, 231, 274, 322, 364 and 413. Primovaccination with Duvaxyn WNV resulted in high titres of serum neutralising antibodies against both strains. Following a single dose of Duvaxyn WNV on day 399, one year after primovaccination, there was a strong anamnestic response with a log25-fold rise in the titres of neutralising antibodies against strains NY385/99 and SPU93/01. These results provide further evidence that Duvaxyn WNV is likely to protect horses against infection with lineage 2 strains of WNV and that a single annual booster may be sufficient to maintain immunity against lineage 2 WNV infection in horses.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses in South Africa, 2016–2017

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Freude-Marié Bertram ◽  
Peter N. Thompson ◽  
Marietjie Venter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Neurological Signs

Although West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic to South Africa (RSA), it has only become recognized as a significant cause of neurological disease in humans and horses locally in the past 2 decades, as it emerged globally. This article describes the epidemiological and clinical presentation of WNV in horses across RSA during 2016–2017. In total, 54 WNV-positive cases were identified by passive surveillance in horses with febrile and/or neurological signs at the Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria. They were followed up and compared to 120 randomly selected WNV-negative controls with the same case definition and during the same time period. Of the WNV-positive cases, 52% had fever, 92% displayed neurological signs, and 39% experienced mortality. Cases occurred mostly in WNV-unvaccinated horses <5 years old, during late summer and autumn after heavy rain, in the temperate to warm eastern parts of RSA. WNV-positive cases that had only neurological signs without fever were more likely to die. In the multivariable analysis, the odds of WNV infection were associated with season (late summer), higher altitude, more highly purebred animals, younger age, and failure to vaccinate against WNV. Vaccination is currently the most effective prophylactic measure to reduce WNV morbidity and mortality in horses.

scholarly journals Contrasted Epidemiological Patterns of West Nile Virus Lineages 1 and 2 Infections in France from 2015 to 2019

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Beck ◽  
Isabelle Leparc Goffart ◽  
Florian Franke ◽  
Gaelle Gonzalez ◽  
Marine Dumarest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Breaking Point ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Organ Donations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lineage 2

Since 2015, annual West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks of varying intensities have been reported in France. Recent intensification of enzootic WNV circulation was observed in the South of France with most horse cases detected in 2015 (n = 49), 2018 (n = 13), and 2019 (n = 13). A WNV lineage 1 strain was isolated from a horse suffering from West Nile neuro-invasive disease (WNND) during the 2015 episode in the Camargue area. A breaking point in WNV epidemiology was achieved in 2018, when WNV lineage 2 emerged in Southeastern areas. This virus most probably originated from WNV spread from Northern Italy and caused WNND in humans and the death of diurnal raptors. WNV lineage 2 emergence was associated with the most important human WNV epidemics identified so far in France (n = 26, including seven WNND cases and two infections in blood and organ donors). Two other major findings were the detection of WNV in areas with no or limited history of WNV circulation (Alpes-Maritimes in 2018, Corsica in 2018–2019, and Var in 2019) and distinct spatial distribution of human and horse WNV cases. These new data reinforce the necessity to enhance French WNV surveillance to better anticipate future WNV epidemics and epizootics and to improve the safety of blood and organ donations.

Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage-2 in Resident Corvids in Istanbul, Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozge Erdogan Bamac ◽  
Utku Y. Cizmecigil ◽  
Asli Mete ◽  
Aysun Yilmaz ◽  
Ozge Aydin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Lineage 2
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