scholarly journals ISOLASI DAN ANALISIS ASAM LEMAK Scenedesmus quadricauda YANG DIISOLASI DARI AIR KOLAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Devy Susanty
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Scenedesmus Quadricauda ◽  
Capillary Pipette ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Nile Red Staining

Isolation and Fatty Acid Analysis of Scenedesmus quadricauda from freshwaterMicroalgae have fast growth rate and fatty acids which potential as bioenergy. In addition, microalgae are also living with binding carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, so as to reduce air pollution. In this study, samples were taken from the freshwater, Sawahan, Padang, West Sumatra. Nile red staining performed on the samples to see the potential of lipid content. Microalgae having lipid content were isolated using the capillary pipette technique then it was identified using a microscope. Isolated microalgae was identified as Scenedesmus quadricauda. Microalgae growth measured by optical density value. It cultivated in different concentrations of NaNO3 to see the effect of the amount of nitrogen on the growth. Scenedesmus quadricauda grew well at a concentration of 0.5 g / L NaNO3. Fatty acid analysis was done by using GC-MS. Scenedesmus quadricauda had several types of fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acid in Scenedesmus quadricaudawas C18: 1.Keywords: Microalgae, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Nile red staining, Isolation, Fatty acid ABSTRAKMikroalga memiliki laju pertumbuhan yang cepat dan mengandung asam lemak sehingga berpotensi sebagai bioenergi. Selain itu, mikroalga juga hidup dengan mengikat karbondioksia untuk proses fotosintesis, sehingga mampu mengurangi pencemaran udara. Pada penelitian ini, sampel mikroalga diambil dari air kolam dari daerah Sawahan, Padang, Sumatera Barat. Pewarnaan nilered dilakukan terhadap sampel untuk melihat potensi kandungan lipid. Mikroalga yang memiliki kandungan lipid diisolasi dengan menggunakan teknik pipet kapiler, kemudian isolat diidentifikasi secara morfologi dengan menggunakan mikroskop. Isolat yang diperoleh diidentifikasi sebagai Scenedesmus quadricauda. Isolat dikultivasi dalam Bold Bassal Medium (BBM). Pertumbuhan mikroalga diukur dengan melihat nilai optical density. Isolat dikultivasi dalam berbagai konsentrasi NaNO3 untuk melihat pengaruh jumlah nitrogen terhadap pertumbuhannya. Scenedesmus quadricauda tumbuh dengan baik pada konsentrasi 0,5 g/L NaNO3. Analisa asam lemak dilakukan dengan menggunakan GC-MS. Pada Scenedesmus quadricauda ditemukan beberapa jenis asam lemak. Asam lemak yang paling banyak terkandung pada mikroalga ini yaitu C18:1.Kata kunci: Mikroalga, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Pewarnaan nile red, Isolasi, Asam lemak

212 Fatty Acid Analysis and Composition in Meat by Mass Spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 111-112
Author(s):  
Thu Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Technology

Abstract Fatty acids determine the physical and chemical properties of fats. Animal fats, regardless of species, have more saturated and monounsaturated than polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids in meat are palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), palmitoleic (16:1), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) acids, among which oleic acid is the most predominant. Arachidonic acid (20:4 cis 5,8,11,14) is an essential fatty acid only found in animal fats and can be used as a quality control indicator in the fatty acid analysis. Fatty acid analysis has been traditionally performed by gas chromatography (GC) of volatile fatty acid derivatives, prominently the methyl esters, and flame ionization detection (FID), in which the carbon chain of fatty acids is degraded to the formylium ion CHO+. The FID is very sensitive and is the most widely used detection method for GC, providing a linear response, i.e., peak area, over a wide range of concentrations. Researchers have been used the FID peak area to calculate the percentages of fatty acids. However, the FID is a “carbon counter” and relies on the “equal per carbon” rule; therefore, at the same molar concentration, fatty acids with a different number of carbons produce different peak areas. The recent development of mass spectrometry technology has improved the specificity of fatty acid detection. Specific target and qualifier ions provide better identification and more accurate quantification of fatty acid concentrations. Although fatty acids can be identified through comparing ion fragmentation with various databases, authentic standards are needed for quantification purposes. Using mass spectrometry, more than 50 fatty acids have been identified in meat samples. Some branched-chain fatty acids may have flavor, safety, and shelf life implications in meat products.

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY POULTRY OFFAL HYDROLYSATE ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND MEAT QUALITY OF PORK

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1041-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. VAN LUNEN ◽  
R. L. WILSON ◽  
L. M. POSTE ◽  
G. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Free Moisture ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Seventy-two feeder pigs, with a mean weight of 24.6 kg, were randomly allotted in groups of three to four dietary treatments to determine the effect of feeding poultry offal hydrolysate (POH) on fatty acid composition and meat quality. The four dietary treatments were: 0% POH (control), 5% POH, 10% POH and 15% POH on a dry matter basis. At slaughter (96.8 kg), the right loins from 60 pigs were retained for fatty acid analysis and meat quality evaluation. The longissimus dorsi muscle was dissected from each loin; 200 g were stored in an atmosphere of nitrogen and frozen for fatty acid analysis and 500 g were frozen for meat quality evaluation. Fat was extracted and methylated for fatty acid analysis. Separation and identification of individual fatty acid methyl esters was performed using gas chromatography. Sensory meat evaluation (pork flavour, off-flavour, tenderness and juiciness) was performed by 10 trained panelists. Warner-Bratzler shear evaluation and free moisture analyses were performed. The fatty acids in pork appear to exhibit a sensitive response to changes in dietary fat. Linear trends for fatty acids in the pork were, for the most part, opposite to trends in the diets. Inclusion of POH resulted in an increase in the total polyunsaturates present in the pork. There was no effect (P > 0.05) due to dietary treatment on flavour, tenderness or juiciness of the pork. No significant differences were found among the Warner-Bratzler shear measurements or free moisture determinations. Changes in fatty acid profile of pork do not appear to affect eating quality when POH is included in the diet at levels of up to 15% DM. Key words: Poultry offal, pork, fatty acid, meat quality

scholarly journals Liquid Anaerobic Digestate as a Source of Nutrients for Lipid and Fatty Acid Accumulation by Auxenochlorella Protothecoides

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Krzemińska ◽  
Marta Oleszek ◽  
Dariusz Wiącek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Liquid Digestate ◽  
Auxenochlorella Protothecoides

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the biomass of unicellular algae as a source of valuable metabolites. The main limitations in the commercial application of microbial biomass are associated with the costs of production thereof. Maize silage is one of the main substrates used in biogas plants in Europe. The effects of sterilized agricultural liquid digestate (LD) from methane fermentation of maize silage on the growth rates, macro and micronutrient removal efficiency, lipid content, and fatty acid profile in Auxenochlorella protothecoides were investigated. The results indicate that A. prothecoides can proliferate and accumulate lipids with simultaneous reduction of nutrients in the 1:20 diluted liquid digestate. The rate of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the liquid digestate was 79.45% and 78.4%, respectively. Cells growing in diluted liquid digestate exhibited the maximum lipid content, i.e., 44.65%. The fatty acid profile of A. prothecoides shows a decrease in the content of linolenic acid by 20.87% and an increase in oleic acid by 32.16% in the LD, compared with the control. The liquid digestate changed the content of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The cells of A. protothecoides growing in the liquid digestate were characterized by lower PUFA content and higher MUFA levels.

Relationship between the fatty acid composition of uropygial gland secretion and blood of meat chickens receiving different dietary fats

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Kanakri ◽  
Beverly Muhlhausler ◽  
John Carragher ◽  
Robert Gibson ◽  
Reza Barekatain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Preen Oil

Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of chicken feed has been shown to be effective for improving the nutritional value of chicken products. Currently, however, evaluation of the effectiveness of this approach requires invasive blood sampling or post mortem tissue sampling of the birds. Preen oil can be collected non-invasively from live birds. So this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the fatty acid composition of preen oil reflects that of the blood. Male and female meat chickens (Cobb 500) were fed a diet supplemented with 4% (w/w) flaxseed oil (high n-3 polyunsaturates) or beef tallow (mostly monounsaturates and saturates) for 6 weeks. Preen oil and whole blood samples (n = 9 birds per sex/diet treatment group) were collected freshly post mortem for fatty acid analysis. Preen oil analysis showed that ~97% of fatty acids were saturates, with a small percentage of n-6 polyunsaturates and traces of other types. There were negligible n-3 polyunsaturates in preen oil. Proportions of some saturated fatty acids were slightly, but significantly, affected by diet (C16:0 (P < 0.05) and C17:0 (P < 0.01)) or by gender (C10:0 and C18:0) (P < 0.05). Some fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms (e.g. C17:0 and C19:0) were found in relatively high concentrations in preen oil, despite not being detectable in either the diet or blood. In conclusion, the fatty acid composition of preen oil does not accurately reflect the fatty acid profile of the blood; it is not, therefore, a suitable alternative for determining fatty acid status of meat chickens.

106 USING A BUOYANT DENSITY GRADIENT AND NILE RED STAINING TO EVALUATE THE LIPID CONTENT OF BOS TAURUS AND BOS INDICUS OOCYTES

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Ballard ◽  
C. R. Looney ◽  
B. R. Lindsey ◽  
J. H. Pryor ◽  
J. W. Lynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Intracellular Lipid ◽  
Lower Survival Rate ◽  
Nile Red Staining

Bos indicus embryos have a lower survival rate compared with Bos taurus after cryopreservation. It has been hypothesized that the lower survival rate is due to higher intracellular lipid content. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a difference in intracellular lipid content of oocytes from mature purebred Brahman and Angus cows. Donor females used in the study were maintained on pasture prior to the onset of the experiment and on a grain-supplemented hay ration during the study. Oocytes were collected from cows at 30-day intervals (3 aspirations/donor) by transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte aspirations (TUGA). Mature oocytes were evaluated using a sucrose step gradient procedure and Nile Red staining. FSH (Folltropin-V®; Bioniche Animal Health, Beltsville, Ontario, Canada) administration began on Day 4 of the estrous cycle (estrus = Day 0) twice daily for 3 days in decreasing doses (Brahman 232 mg and Angus 280 mg total), and on Day 8 oocytes were recovered. The mean number of follicles aspirated/donor and oocytes recovered/donor were 20 and 16.61 oocytes for the Brahman donors (n = 6) and 12 follicles and 7.06 oocytes/donor for the Angus donors (n = 10). Oocytes (individual donor basis) were then incubated in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum + bLH and bFSH (0.01 U mL−1) at 38.5°C. After 20 h, mature oocytes were denuded by vortexing for 3 min in HEPS + BSA (4 mg mL−1). Buoyancy was tested for individual mature oocytes using a sucrose step density gradient column prepared with sucrose and Dulbecco's PBS. Results from the sucrose gradients ranged from 23% sucrose (indicating high lipids) to 35% sucrose (indicating lower lipids). Oocytes recovered from the sucrose were fixed for 24 h in paraformaldehyde for evaluation with Nile Red stain. Oocytes were stained for 24 h, and then placed in Prolong® Gold (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and evaluated under fluorescence. Oocytes images were evaluated using a Scion Image camera (Scion Corp., Frederick, MD, USA) to calculate mean (± SE) Nile Red units (NRU) (higher NRU = higher lipid content). Treatment groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. In summary, Brahman M-II oocytes had significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) buoyant density, with a significantly higher mean NRU score, when compared with oocytes harvested from Angus donors (Table 1). Based on these results, Brahman oocytes have a higher intracellular lipid content then Angus oocytes. Table 1.Percent sucrose levels and Nile Red units for bovine oocytes from three replicates per donor

109 EFFECTS OF LIPOLYTIC AGENTS FORSKOLIN, EPINEPHRINE AND CAFFEINE ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND LIPID CONTENT OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN VITRO

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barcelo-Fimbres ◽  
G. E. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Essential Amino Acids

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate lipid accumulation and embryonic development of bovine morulae treated with different chemicals. A total of 2619 slaughterhouse oocytes from heifers and mature cows were matured in CDM medium (similar to SOF) plus 0.5% fatty acid-free BSA and hormones (M-CDM) for 23 h at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air. Frozen–thawed sperm were centrifuged through a Percoll gradient and co-cultured with matured oocytes for 18 h in F-CDM (CDM+heparin). Zygotes were cultured at 38.5°C in 5% CO2/5% O2/90% N2 in CDM-1 with nonessential amino acids, 10 μm EDTA, 0.5% fatty acid free BSA, and 0.5 mm fructose. After 60 h, resulting 8-cell embryos were cultured 120 h in CDM-2 (CDM-1+essential amino acids and 2 mm fructose). A factorial design was used with 7 treatments, 2 ovary sources (cows v. heifers), and 3 bulls (A, B and C) replicated twice for each bull (6 replicates). At Day 2.5 embryo cleavage and 8-cell rates were evaluated, and on Day 6 a total of 755 morulae were randomly assigned to the 7 treatments (control, 2 and 8 mm caffeine, 1 and 4 μm epinephrine, and 10 and 40 μm forskolin). To quantify lipid accumulation, Day 7 blastocysts were fixed and stained with 1 μg mL–1 Nile red dye, after which a digital photograph of the equatorial part of the embryo (including the inner cell mass) was taken at 200×, and fluorescence intensity was measured with Image Pro software from 0 to 255 shades for each pixel (0 = no lipids; 255 = greatest lipid accumulation), as previously reported (Biol. Reprod. 2007 (Suppl. 1), 87–88). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. No differences in cleavage rates (75 v. 68 ± 3.6%) or eight cell rates (61 ± v. 57 ± 2.8%) were found for heifer v. cow oocytes (P > 0.1); however, blastocyst rates per oocyte and per 8-cell embryo were greater for cows than heifers (20 v. 10 ± 2.1%, and 68 v. 35 ± 3.8%, respectively; P < 0.05). Treatments: 2 and 8 mm caffeine produced fewer blastocysts per morula than 1 and 4 μm epinephrine, 10 and 40 μm forskolin and the control (39, 5 v. 54, 49, 48, 54 and 52 ± 5.8%; respectively) (P < 0.01). More lipid content was found in whole embryos and trophoblast of heifer-derived than cow blastocysts (P < 0.05), and forskolin resulted in less lipid content than control, caffeine- and epinephrine-treated morulae in whole embryos, embryonic mass and trophoblasts (P < 0.05; Table 1). In conclusion, mature cows were a better source of oocytes than feedlot heifers for embryonic development. High doses of caffeine were detrimental to embryos, and the addition of the lypolitic agent forskolin reduced lipid content relative to control, caffeine and epinephrine-treated embryos. Table 1.Main effect treatment means of lipid content (arbitrary fluorescence units)

scholarly journals Comprehensive GCMS and LC-MS/MS Metabolite Profiling of Chlorella vulgaris

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Ahmed Pantami ◽  
Muhammad Safwan Ahamad Bustamam ◽  
Soo Yee Lee ◽  
Intan Safinar Ismail ◽  
Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Omega 6

The commercial cultivation of microalgae began in the 1960s and Chlorella was one of the first target organisms. The species has long been considered a potential source of renewable energy, an alternative for phytoremediation, and more recently, as a growth and immune stimulant. However, Chlorella vulgaris, which is one of the most studied microalga, has never been comprehensively profiled chemically. In the present study, comprehensive profiling of the Chlorella vulgaris metabolome grown under normal culture conditions was carried out, employing tandem LC-MS/MS to profile the ethanolic extract and GC-MS for fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid profile of C. vulgaris was shown to be rich in omega-6, -7, -9, and -13 fatty acids, with omega-6 being the highest, representing more than sixty percent (>60%) of the total fatty acids. This is a clear indication that this species of Chlorella could serve as a good source of nutrition when incorporated in diets. The profile also showed that the main fatty acid composition was that of C16-C18 (>92%), suggesting that it might be a potential candidate for biodiesel production. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed carotenoid constituents comprising violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, vulgaxanthin I, astaxanthin, and antheraxanthin, along with other pigments such as the chlorophylls. In addition to these, amino acids, vitamins, and simple sugars were also profiled, and through mass spectrometry-based molecular networking, 48 phospholipids were putatively identified.

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