Ein beliebter Alleskönner steht unter Druck (Essay)

2014 ◽  
Vol 165 (8) ◽  
pp. 220-223
Author(s):  
Urs Leugger-Eggimann
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Forest Habitats

Pressures on a multi-talented and beloved habitat (essay) Animal and plant species in forest habitats are less threatened than those in other habitats. That is to be welcomed, but is no reason to rest on our laurels in self-satisfaction. This forest success story can be explained by the strict forest protection which exists in Switzerland. This model, which has been a success for over 100 years, is under greater and greater pressure. Some politicians and interest groups want to open the forest to residential development. For Pro Natura, a relaxation of forest protection on the Swiss Plateau is out of the question. The same harmful processes which have been responsible for the dramatic loss of agricultural land would be imported to the forest. The fact is that the increase in total Swiss forest area is entirely limited to the mountainous regions, and does not concern the Plateau. It is important, from an ecological and economic point of view, to use some parts of the forest in a sustainable way. However, it is also essential that other parts of the forest are allowed to follow their natural processes. Pro Natura recommends that 10% of the Swiss forest area should be forest nature reserves by 2030, and 8% special forest reserves. A fifth of the forest area can safely be devoted to conservation of biodiversity, while four fifths can be managed according to sustainability criteria.

Waldreservatspolitik der Schweiz: Zwischenbilanz und Perspektiven aus Sicht des Bundes (Essay)

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Bolliger ◽  
Nicole Imesch ◽  
Reinhard Schnidrig
Keyword(s):  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Reserve Network ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Economic Regions

Forest reserve policy of Switzerland: stock-taking and prospects from the point of view of the Swiss Confederation (Essay) This essay takes stock of the forest reserve policy of the Swiss Confederation and the Cantons, based on a historical perspective that follows the development of the ideas underlying the reserve concept. Today, forest reserves cover an area of 61,000 ha, 53,000 ha of which are actually covered by forest, which corresponds to 4.6% of the Swiss forest area. Thus, the aim of 10% of the forest area having reserve status by 2030 seems realistic. However, regional differences are quite large. Total area, density and the average size of the reserves vary considerably between the 14 economic regions of the Swiss National Forest Inventory. In most regions there is a lack of strict forest reserves of large size (> 150 ha), in which the widespread typical forest formations can develop naturally. Thirty-three of 48 forest reserves larger than 150 ha are concentrated in the economic regions of the western Jura mountains, the eastern Pre-Alps region, the southwestern, southeastern and southern Alps. In the other regions, small reserves dominate – especially on the Swiss Plateau, where 80% of the reserves are smaller than 20 ha. Finally, based on this stock-taking and taking into account additional considerations, we formulate seven focal points of future activities. Considering the regionally very different overall status of forests, gaps in the forest reserve network shall be filled in a targeted manner. Thereby also new, unconventional solutions must be pursued, and especially on the Swiss Plateau and in the western Jura an extra effort must be made.

Mehr Mut zur Wildnis (Essay) | A more courageous attitude to wilderness (essay)

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (8) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
Adrian Borgula
Keyword(s):  
Forest Area ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Wilderness Areas ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Total Forest Area

Where nature protection is concerned, the expert assessment of an environment poses questions about its natural and cultural heritage and its potential, about how representative it may be, about biodiversity in all its facets and about its development or potential threats to its existence. Although the forest was the dominant habitat in the original natural European landscape, for a long time nature protection has devoted too little attention to it. There are diverse threats and deficiencies. However, in the Swiss forests positive developments are discernible. Thus nature protection is one of the basic functions of the forest, nature reserves are being created, the area of the forest is increasing, as are reserves of deadwood, and greater importance is being given to regeneration suited to the site. Nevertheless much remains to be done to really achieve the goal of biodiversity and sus-tainability. For this purpose segregative and integrative measures are required. Since diversity needs surface area, in the first place it must be possible to set aside as forest reserves a quarter of the total forest area, spread over the whole country and preferably as natural forest reserves, in order to start the process of a long-term restoration to the natural state. Here the conservation of natural self-regulating processes supersedes classical nature protection. With a series of further integrative measures, biodiversity must also be promoted over the whole remaining forest area and in the areas of transition to other habitats. An abundance of varied structures is the key to diversity of species. A more courageous attitude to wilderness and “untidiness” when dealing with the forest is to be recommended. Nature experiences in wilderness areas give the population the possibility of discovering diversity and natural processes and encourage respect for the innumerable other species and habitats.

scholarly journals Geoecological assessment of the state of postagrogenic lands of the Moscow village soviet council of the Republic of Khakassia on the basis of remote sensing data

2020 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 03006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Pavlova ◽  
Anastasiia I. Volkova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Demina
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Village Council ◽  
Qualitative State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Map Scale

Currently, the consequences which take place in Khakassia expansion of tree-shrub vegetation on fallow lands have not been properly assessed neither from an ecological nor economic point of view. Based on the analysis of the agricultural map scale 1: 100 000 decoding images Landsat 4–5, 7, 8 and Sentinel 1, and 2, as well as subsatellite ground researches were carried out the identification, the description and assessment of the qualitative state of postagrogenic lands of Khakassia exposed to the processes of overgrowth of tree-shrub vegetation. As an example, this article analyzes the processes of overgrowth of agricultural land on the example of the territory of the Moscow village council of Ust-Abakan district. A geoinformation project of spatial distribution of postagrogenic lands within the Moscow village council of Ust-Abakan district of Khakassia was developed. The results of the research showed that in the studied area in the structure of agricultural land 67204 hectares of land belongs to the fallows located at different stages of recovery of which 77 % exposed to overgrowth processes. The obtained data indicate the need for the formation of management decisions in the field of land use.

AGRICULTURAL LAND PRIVATIZATION IN POLAND

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (3) ◽  
pp. 299-307
Author(s):  
Jacek Maśniak ◽  
Andrzej Jędruchniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Agricultural Households ◽  
Land Privatization ◽  
Market Allocation ◽  
Political Decisions

The aim of the article is to present the process of agricultural land privatization in Poland, taking into account the role that this policy has played in terms of shaping the Polish agricultural model, based on family households. The purpose of the agrarian system shaping policy is the protection and development of family households. To this end, the said group of agricultural households is being granted privileges in terms of access to agricultural land. From an economic point of view, it translates into replacing market allocation with political decisions. The sale of agricultural land on behalf of the state was conducted by the Agricultural Property Agency (APA), which on 1 September 2017 was merged with the Agricultural Market Agency and transformed into the National Center for Agricultural Support. Between 1992 and 2017, a total of over 2.6 million ha of agricultural land (amounting to 55% of all acquired land) was sold. Natural persons acquired a total of 81% of privatized agricultural land, 19% of which was acquired by legal entities. In the years 2005-2017, the prices of agricultural land demonstrated an upward trend. The prices obtained by the Agency were very close to private market prices. The average price amounted to EUR 4,504 per 1 ha in the case of state-owned land and EUR 4,716 per 1 ha in the case of private land.

scholarly journals Mites (Acari) important in different agroecosystems and their control in Romania*

Zoosymposia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
IOAN ROSCA ◽  
MINODORA GUTUE ◽  
CATALIN GUTUE
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Polyphagotarsonemus Latus ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Broad Mite

Mite problems in different agroecosystems in Romania are presented. Of all phytophagousmites known in the country, four species are found on a wide range of crops, with the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), being the most important. The broad mite is difficult to control, but acaricides registered in Romania have provided effective control of this species. Reduction of highly toxic pesticide residues in the environment has been considered important in the country. That could be approached by first reducing the amount of pesticides applied on agricultural land, and second, by finding new pesticides with less toxic active ingredients. This has resulted in reduced numbers of the main groups of pesticides, commercial products and number of active substances. The number of available commercial products varied from12 in 1972–1979 to five in 1980–1989, ten in 1990–1996, four in 1997–2004 and six in 2010, based on five active ingredients. The causes of the decreasing numbers of acaricide products or active ingredients were the reduced availability of several active ingredients due to toxicological or environmental reasons and the high registration cost. Only three acaricides (Envidor 240 SC, Nissorun 10WP and Omite 570 EC) and one insecticide/acaricide (Seizer 10 EC) are at present commonly used in Romanian agriculture.At the same time, from the economic point of view, biological control is impractical if not impossible to be applied in commercial crop production under Romanian economical conditions of farmers in absence of subsidies. EU and Romanian policies are discussed.

Warum Naturwaldreservate einrichten? (Essay)

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Heinz Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Forest Policy ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Jura Mountains ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Large Effort

Why should we have natural forest reserves? (Essay) Natural forest reserves, where any kind of intervention is prohibited, are a component of a holistic biodiversity and forest policy today. Permitting natural processes to unfold in natural forest reserves is a sustainable and cost-efficient contribution to the maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity. This paper discusses the reasons for the establishment of natural forest reserves and the peculiarities that need to be taken into account when implementing the biodiversity goals. It demonstrates that particularly the establishment of large natural forest reserves in currently managed forests on the Swiss Plateau and in the Jura mountains requires a large effort.

scholarly journals Estimate of economic impacts of climate change upon Czech forestry

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 499-507
Author(s):  
L. Šišák ◽  
K. Pulkrab
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

From the economic point of view the issue is comprehensive namely for its long-term character. At present, there is little experience in complexly understood economic calculations concerning the effect of climate change on forest management. Therefore a new methodology had to be proposed to solve the assigned task, i.e. to analyse the results of research on the effect of climate change on forest management. The issue is closely related to changes in production characteristics of commercial species, i.e. site quality and species composition or health conditions and rotation period of each species and stand. In this case it concerns with a higher proportion of deciduous species at the expense of conifers, namely spruce. This issue also includes the question of further afforestation of non-forest agricultural land, that means the question of land delimitation between agriculture and forestry.

Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003. xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Workers

To implement any successful policy, research about the subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory, and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development workers ignore at their own peril.

Erfolg der Jungwaldpflege im Schweizer Mittelland? Analyse und Folgerungen (Essay)

2013 ◽  
Vol 164 (9) ◽  
pp. 262-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ammann
Keyword(s):  
Stand Development ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Tree Thinning ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Self Differentiation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Young Growth

Is young growth tending successful in the Swiss Plateau region? Analysis and implications (essay) The effect of the cost-intensive young growth tending used up to the present in the region of the Swiss Plateau is analysed using different approaches. It is evident that young growth tending is not only ineffective with respect to diameter growth but even hinders stand development. Negative effects on quality from young growth tending are also recognised. This is often due to premature interventions in the natural processes of self-differentiation and subsequent systematic errors in the thinning. Furthermore, the effect of tending measures on the tree species composition is often overestimated because in the first 10 to 20 years of stand development, it is primarily the rejuvenation strategy and the site which are decisive. As an alternative course of action, tending concepts are proposed which rely on biological rationalisation and future tree thinning, to achieve future trees which are as vigorous as possible. These are not only more effective, but are also significantly less expensive.

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