Waldreservatspolitik der Schweiz: Zwischenbilanz und Perspektiven aus Sicht des Bundes (Essay)

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Bolliger ◽  
Nicole Imesch ◽  
Reinhard Schnidrig
Keyword(s):  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Reserve Network ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Economic Regions

Forest reserve policy of Switzerland: stock-taking and prospects from the point of view of the Swiss Confederation (Essay) This essay takes stock of the forest reserve policy of the Swiss Confederation and the Cantons, based on a historical perspective that follows the development of the ideas underlying the reserve concept. Today, forest reserves cover an area of 61,000 ha, 53,000 ha of which are actually covered by forest, which corresponds to 4.6% of the Swiss forest area. Thus, the aim of 10% of the forest area having reserve status by 2030 seems realistic. However, regional differences are quite large. Total area, density and the average size of the reserves vary considerably between the 14 economic regions of the Swiss National Forest Inventory. In most regions there is a lack of strict forest reserves of large size (> 150 ha), in which the widespread typical forest formations can develop naturally. Thirty-three of 48 forest reserves larger than 150 ha are concentrated in the economic regions of the western Jura mountains, the eastern Pre-Alps region, the southwestern, southeastern and southern Alps. In the other regions, small reserves dominate – especially on the Swiss Plateau, where 80% of the reserves are smaller than 20 ha. Finally, based on this stock-taking and taking into account additional considerations, we formulate seven focal points of future activities. Considering the regionally very different overall status of forests, gaps in the forest reserve network shall be filled in a targeted manner. Thereby also new, unconventional solutions must be pursued, and especially on the Swiss Plateau and in the western Jura an extra effort must be made.

Ein beliebter Alleskönner steht unter Druck (Essay)

2014 ◽  
Vol 165 (8) ◽  
pp. 220-223
Author(s):  
Urs Leugger-Eggimann
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Forest Habitats

Pressures on a multi-talented and beloved habitat (essay) Animal and plant species in forest habitats are less threatened than those in other habitats. That is to be welcomed, but is no reason to rest on our laurels in self-satisfaction. This forest success story can be explained by the strict forest protection which exists in Switzerland. This model, which has been a success for over 100 years, is under greater and greater pressure. Some politicians and interest groups want to open the forest to residential development. For Pro Natura, a relaxation of forest protection on the Swiss Plateau is out of the question. The same harmful processes which have been responsible for the dramatic loss of agricultural land would be imported to the forest. The fact is that the increase in total Swiss forest area is entirely limited to the mountainous regions, and does not concern the Plateau. It is important, from an ecological and economic point of view, to use some parts of the forest in a sustainable way. However, it is also essential that other parts of the forest are allowed to follow their natural processes. Pro Natura recommends that 10% of the Swiss forest area should be forest nature reserves by 2030, and 8% special forest reserves. A fifth of the forest area can safely be devoted to conservation of biodiversity, while four fifths can be managed according to sustainability criteria.

scholarly journals Sind Naturwaldreservate naturnäher als der Schweizer Wald?

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Heiri ◽  
Urs-Beat Brändli ◽  
Harald Bugmann ◽  
Peter Brang
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Long Run

Do strict forest reserves feature more naturalness than the Swiss forest? In natural forest reserves (NFR), forests develop in the absence of direct human interference, primarily management. This increases their naturalness and should – in the long run – allow forests to regain primeval attributes. Based on stand structural data from the third National Forest Inventory (NFI) and 25 NFR in Switzerland, we investigate 1) whether NFR feature more naturalness than managed forests, 2) whether the naturalness of Swiss forests increases with the time elapsed since the cessation of management, and 3) to what extent NFR differ from Swiss forests that have not been managed during several decades. Thereby, we focus on the four main forest types beech, silver fir-beech, silver fir-Norway spruce and Norway spruce forests, and furthermore group the data according to the time since the last intervention (0–20, 21–50 and > 50 years.). The structural features investigated differ only slightly between NFR and managed forest (0–20 years). NFR feature a higher abundance of “giant” trees (dbh ≥ 80 cm), higher stem numbers and greater basal area, and thus a higher growing stock. The abundance of snags, however, is indistinguishable between the two types of forests. Naturalness in Swiss forests increases only slightly with time since the last intervention, indicated by a higher abundance of small snags and a slightly higher number of giant trees. By contrast, clear differences can be seen between NFR in which no intervention has taken place for at least 50 years, and other forests abandoned for a similarly long time, with NFR showing lower stem numbers, greater basal area and higher numbers of giant trees. Many of the investigated reserves are still affected by former management and are – from the point of view of primeval forest dynamics – still quite “young”. According to their naturalness, the NFR range between managed and primeval forests, although to date they are still closer to the former. Nevertheless, the differences found in our study indicate a steady development of the NFR towards stand structures that are characteristic of primeval forests.

Mehr Mut zur Wildnis (Essay) | A more courageous attitude to wilderness (essay)

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (8) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
Adrian Borgula
Keyword(s):  
Forest Area ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Wilderness Areas ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Total Forest Area

Where nature protection is concerned, the expert assessment of an environment poses questions about its natural and cultural heritage and its potential, about how representative it may be, about biodiversity in all its facets and about its development or potential threats to its existence. Although the forest was the dominant habitat in the original natural European landscape, for a long time nature protection has devoted too little attention to it. There are diverse threats and deficiencies. However, in the Swiss forests positive developments are discernible. Thus nature protection is one of the basic functions of the forest, nature reserves are being created, the area of the forest is increasing, as are reserves of deadwood, and greater importance is being given to regeneration suited to the site. Nevertheless much remains to be done to really achieve the goal of biodiversity and sus-tainability. For this purpose segregative and integrative measures are required. Since diversity needs surface area, in the first place it must be possible to set aside as forest reserves a quarter of the total forest area, spread over the whole country and preferably as natural forest reserves, in order to start the process of a long-term restoration to the natural state. Here the conservation of natural self-regulating processes supersedes classical nature protection. With a series of further integrative measures, biodiversity must also be promoted over the whole remaining forest area and in the areas of transition to other habitats. An abundance of varied structures is the key to diversity of species. A more courageous attitude to wilderness and “untidiness” when dealing with the forest is to be recommended. Nature experiences in wilderness areas give the population the possibility of discovering diversity and natural processes and encourage respect for the innumerable other species and habitats.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Response of Vegetation to Rainfall and Temperature fluctuations in the Sahel. Case study in the Forest Reserve of Fina, Mali

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karamoko Sanogo ◽  
Birhanu B. Zemadim ◽  
Souleymane Sanogo ◽  
Ashatu Abdulkadiri ◽  
Abdramane BA
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Vegetation Response ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Climate Fluctuation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Response

Forests constitute a key component of the Earth system but the sustainability of the forest reserves in the semi-arid zone is a real concern since its vegetation is very sensitive to the climate fluctuation. The understanding of the mechanisms for the interaction vegetation-climate is poorly studied in the context of African Sahel. In this study, the characteristics of the vegetation response to the fluctuations of precipitation and temperature is determined for the forest reserve of Fina. Rainfall estimates, air temperature and NDVI are used to establish the lag correlations between fluctuations of vegetation and climate variables at both seasonal and interannual bases. Results shows increasing tendency of NDVI started from the 1990s coinciding the recovery of the rainfall from the 1980s drought and the obtained correlation(r=0.66) is statistically significant (pvalue<0.01). The strongest responses of vegetation to rainfall and temperature fluctuations were found after 30 and 15 days, respectively. Moreover, at shorter time lag (e.g. 15 days) more pronounced vegetation responses to both rainfall and temperature were found in agricultural dominated land while at longer time lag (e.g. 30 days) stronger response was observed in Bare dominated land. The vegetation response to the climate fluctuation is modulated by the land use/cover dynamics. Keywords: NDVI, Rainfall, Air temperature, vegetation response, Fina Forest Reserve, Mali.

scholarly journals Analyse semi-automatisée de photos aériennes numérisées pour l'étude de la dynamique de peuplements arborescents | Semi-Automatised Analysis of Digitised Aerial Photographs for the Study of Arborescent Population Dynamics

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (7) ◽  
pp. 238-242
Author(s):  
Vincent Barbezat
Keyword(s):  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Forest Planning ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Regional Forest ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Standard Tree

At the present time, landscape inventories, the third National Forest Inventory (NFI), permanent research plots in the forests,cantonal inventories, regional forest planning, the redefinition of useful farm land, a new inventory of standard tree orchards but also the protection of peat bog and alluvial areas are daily business. Therefore, the development of a software for automated aerial photograph analysis is of greatest interest to the Swiss Confederation and its cantons as well as to forest owners, research institutes and certain industries (private engineering enterprises, software producers). In answer to these expectations, the Antenne Romande WSL, together with the Institute of Production in Microengineering of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne(EPFL), proposes to develop a software for user-friendly, neutral and rapid image-processing, the working precision of which will suit forest and landscape managers. Moreover, the software will provide scientists with basic data for the modelling of various ecosystem processes.

scholarly journals National mapping and estimation of forest area by dominant tree species using Sentinel-2 data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Breidenbach ◽  
Lars T. Waser ◽  
Misganu Debella-Gilo ◽  
Johannes Schumacher ◽  
Johannes Rahlf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Resource ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Minimum Numbers ◽  
Generate Model ◽  
Sentinel 2

Nation-wide Sentinel-2 mosaics were used with National Forest Inventory (NFI) plot data for modelling and subsequent mapping of spruce-, pine- and deciduous-dominated forest in Norway at a 16m×16m resolution. The accuracies of the best model ranged between 74% for spruce and 87% for deciduous forest. An overall accuracy of 90% was found on stand level using independent data from more than 42,000 stands. Errors mostly resulting from a forest mask reduced the model accuracies by approximately 10%. The produced map was subsequently used to generate model-assisted (MA) and post stratified (PS) estimates of species-specific forest area. At the national level, efficiencies of the estimates increased by 20% to 50% for MA and up to 90% for PS. Greater minimum numbers of observations constrained the use of PS. For MA estimates of municipalities, efficiencies improved by up to a factor of 8 but were sometimes also less than 1. PS estimates were always equally as or more precise than direct and MA estimates but were applicable in fewer municipalities. The tree species prediction map is part of the Norwegian forest resource map and is used, among others, to improve maps of other variables of interest such as timber volume and biomass.

scholarly journals Nachhaltiges Holzproduktionspotenzial im Schweizer Wald

2011 ◽  
Vol 162 (9) ◽  
pp. 300-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Rotation Periods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harvesting Costs

Potential of sustainable wood production in Swiss forests In the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI), the data collected in the three inventories (NFI1 1983–1985, NFI2 1993–1995, NFI3 2004–2006) provide the basis not only for analysing the present state of the forest and how it has developed up to now, but also for assessing, with the help of models, how it might develop in future. The scenario model «Massimo 3», developed at the Swiss Federal Institut for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, is an empirical and stochastic simulation model. It relies on data from the NFI and forecasts the development of the forest according to how it is managed. Six scenarios with different management regimes were defined according to the economic, silvicultural and ecological aspects considered. In three scenarios the growing stock is kept constant at the level of NFI3, but different management strategies are used (Scenario A: basis [business as usual], Scenario E: even-aged forests are transformed into uneven-aged forests, and Scenario F: near-natural percentages of conifers are promoted). In two scenarios forest management is partially abandoned for either ecological reasons (Scenario B: reservations, 10% of the forest area is left unmanaged) or for economic reasons (Scenario C: harvesting costs, 40% of the forest area is left unmanaged). Scenario D (rotation periods are shortened) was used to study the effects of augmenting the annual harvesting amount. A forecasting time period of 100 years was selected to assess the long-term effects of the scenarios. Scenarios A, D, and E show that the sustainable harvesting potential of merchantable wood lies in a relatively narrow range of 7.1 to 7.3 million m3/year, even though in Scenario D the growing stock is reduced from 360 m3/ha to 305 m3/ha. In Scenario F regeneration is systematically established with near-natural percentages of conifers, the long-term harvesting potential is slightly less: about 6.5 million m3/year of merchantable wood. If forest management is abandoned for economic reasons on as much as 40% of the forest area (Scenario C, harvesting costs), the impact on the wood reserves is very negative.

scholarly journals A pictorial key for the identification of beetle (Order: Coleoptera) and diversity study in selected area within Pelangai Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
NURUL HUDDA ABDULLAH ◽  
IZZATI ADILAH AZMIR
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Species Similarity ◽  
Diversity Study

Abstract. Abdullah NH, Azmir IA. 2021. A pictorial key for the identification of beetle (Order: Coleoptera) and diversity study in selected area within Pelangai Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 22: 947-955. Beetles or Coleoptera were largely distributed in Asia, especially in Malaysia. The beetle was important in the ecosystem as a decomposer, pollinator, and bio-indicator of the habitat. However, the beetle could also be a potential pest to crops or plants that cause damage to many plantations. This study aimed to establish a key pictorial for beetle identification based on selected characteristics and to determine the beetle diversity, evenness, and genus similarity in Pelangai Preserved Forest, Negeri Sembilan at three different sites i.e., forest, open area, and the sub forested area. This study was carried out between February and March 2020. The Shannon Evenness Index (E) calculated species evenness and the Simpson’s Index (D) assessed the diversity of beetles in this research. The results obtained were 67 individuals of beetles comprised of 7 families and 13 genera. The most found beetle was genus Apogonia sp. (16.4%), followed by genus Epilachna sp. (14.9%), and genus Adoretus sp. A (14.9%) while the least found beetle was genus Blabephorus sp. (1.5%). Site C or sub forested area had the highest species similarity (E= 0.913), followed by Site B or open area (E= 0.912) and Site A or forest area with the lowest species similarity (E= 0.908). This showed that the species in the sub forested area were evenly distributed compared to the forest and open area. As for diversity index, sub forest had the highest diversity (D= 0.860), followed by open area (D= 0.845) and forest area with the lowest diversity (D= 0.188). In conclusion, the beetle from genus Rhyncophorus sp. was the most distinct among other beetles due to the presence of snout and visible head which make it easier to identify. Beetle from genus Apogonia sp. was most found in sub forested areas due to high vegetation and medium sun exposure. Sample collection can be increased in future study by using dung trap sample collection and longer sampling time.

scholarly journals Canopy gaps in two virgin beech forest reserves in Slovakia

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 446-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Drößler ◽  
B. von Lüpke
Keyword(s):  
Beech Forest ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Line Transect Sampling ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Transect Sampling ◽  
Percentage Area ◽  
Stand Height

The formation, size distribution and percentage of gaps in two virgin deciduous forests are presented in two case studies. Gaps are defined as openings in the canopy above 2/3 of stand height. These gaps comprise <br />16% of the forest area in Have&scaron;ov&aacute; Reserve and 14.6% of the forest area in Kyjov Reserve. The estimated turnover time is <br />220 years. More than half the gaps were caused by the death of one tree, and 80% of the gaps were due to the death of up to 3 trees. The largest gap in Have&scaron;ov&aacute; Reserve was 0.40 ha, resulting from the death of 56 trees over the last 40 years. The area of the largest gap in Kyjov Reserve was 0.44 ha. It was caused by the death of 80 trees over the last 40 years. Such large gaps are scarce. 85% of the gaps are smaller than 250 m&sup2;. A correction of the bias towards the over-abundance of large gaps by line-transect sampling was made by estimating the percentage area of gaps of different size from the percentage length along the transects. In Have&scaron;ov&aacute; an attempt was made to date the death of trees that were still visible in the gaps. 1/5 of the trees initiated gaps by their death, while 4/5 of the trees extended gaps. While uprooted trees dominate in Have&scaron;ov&aacute;, breakage is most common in Kyjov.

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