scholarly journals Sind Naturwaldreservate naturnäher als der Schweizer Wald?

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Heiri ◽  
Urs-Beat Brändli ◽  
Harald Bugmann ◽  
Peter Brang
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Long Run

Do strict forest reserves feature more naturalness than the Swiss forest? In natural forest reserves (NFR), forests develop in the absence of direct human interference, primarily management. This increases their naturalness and should – in the long run – allow forests to regain primeval attributes. Based on stand structural data from the third National Forest Inventory (NFI) and 25 NFR in Switzerland, we investigate 1) whether NFR feature more naturalness than managed forests, 2) whether the naturalness of Swiss forests increases with the time elapsed since the cessation of management, and 3) to what extent NFR differ from Swiss forests that have not been managed during several decades. Thereby, we focus on the four main forest types beech, silver fir-beech, silver fir-Norway spruce and Norway spruce forests, and furthermore group the data according to the time since the last intervention (0–20, 21–50 and > 50 years.). The structural features investigated differ only slightly between NFR and managed forest (0–20 years). NFR feature a higher abundance of “giant” trees (dbh ≥ 80 cm), higher stem numbers and greater basal area, and thus a higher growing stock. The abundance of snags, however, is indistinguishable between the two types of forests. Naturalness in Swiss forests increases only slightly with time since the last intervention, indicated by a higher abundance of small snags and a slightly higher number of giant trees. By contrast, clear differences can be seen between NFR in which no intervention has taken place for at least 50 years, and other forests abandoned for a similarly long time, with NFR showing lower stem numbers, greater basal area and higher numbers of giant trees. Many of the investigated reserves are still affected by former management and are – from the point of view of primeval forest dynamics – still quite “young”. According to their naturalness, the NFR range between managed and primeval forests, although to date they are still closer to the former. Nevertheless, the differences found in our study indicate a steady development of the NFR towards stand structures that are characteristic of primeval forests.

scholarly journals How much does it take to be old? Modelling the time since the last harvesting to infer the distribution of mature forests in France

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Thompson ◽  
Eugénie Cateau ◽  
Nicolas Debaive ◽  
Frédéric Bray ◽  
André Torre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Generalised Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Good Proxy

AbstractAimThe distribution of mature forests in metropolitan France is poorly known, focuses only on a few sites, and has never been evaluated countrywide. Here, we modelled French forest reserves’ time since the last harvesting operation, then inferred the current statistical distribution of mature forests (i.e. forests over 50 years without harvesting) in France.LocationMetropolitan FranceMethodsWe used forest inventories from forest reserves and managed forests to calibrate a generalised linear mixed model explaining the time since the last harvesting - a proxy for forest maturity - with selected structural attributes and environmental variables. We then projected this model on the independent National Forest Inventory dataset. We thus obtained an updated estimation of the proportion and a rough distribution of mature forest stands in metropolitan France.ResultsWe found that high basal area of very large trees, high volumes of standing and downed deadwood, high diversity of tree-related microhabitats and more marginally diversity of decay stages best characterized the time since the last harvesting. Volumes of stumps and high density of coppices translating legacy of past forest management also distinguished more mature plots. Our projection yielded an estimated 3% of French forests over 50 years without harvesting and a promising proportion for future managed forests if left unharvested.Main conclusionsOur model showed that the time since the last harvesting is a good proxy for forest maturity in French temperate forest. It highlighted the stand structure attributes that are key in characterising those forests with high conservation values. We found that forests with higher levels of maturity seem to be located in more inaccessible places notably mountainous areas. Our projection gives the first robust statistical estimate of the proportion of mature forests in metropolitan France and may serve to report on the status of mature forests.

scholarly journals Fluctuations in gross volume increment estimated by the Lithuanian National Forest Inventory compared with annual variations in single tree increment

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Gintaras Kulbokas ◽  
Vaiva Jurevičienė ◽  
Andrius Kuliešis ◽  
Algirdas Augustaitis ◽  
Edmundas Petrauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Stock Volume

There are significant inter-annual fluctuations of growing stock volume changes of living trees estimated by the Lithuanian National Forest Inventory (NFI). In the current study, we compared two sources of information on forest productivity: conventional NFI data and dendrochronological data based on tree cores collected in parallel with the measurements of the fourth Lithuanian NFI cycle during 2013–2017 on the same permanent plots (total number of cores was 4967). The main finding is that the dendrochronological basal area increment data confirmed the depression of gross stand volume increment around 2006–2007 (based on Lithuanian NFI measurements in 2008–2009), followed by a steep increase during 2008–2011 (NFI from 2010–2013). The findings explain the differences between projected growing stock volume change, which have been used for forest reference level estimation according to land use, land-use change and forestry sector regulation, and the one recently provided in National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports. Key words: Growing stock volume change, basal area increment, forest reference level, greenhouse gas reporting

scholarly journals The structure analysis of the Norway spruce stands after schematic thinning in the 1st protected zone of water-supply storage

Beskydy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
M. Bátor ◽  
L. Danková
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Protected Zone

The water-supply storages are important resources of drinking water in some regions of Slovakia, especially in surrounding of Banská Bystrica. Málinec is one of the three storages in this region. In protected zone of this storage are planted Norway spruce (hereinafter „spruce“) stands monocultures because of ensuring required water quality in storage. There are 24 years old spruce stands without admixture of deciduous trees in the upper layer. Understory is formed by blackthorn (PRP 1). On this locality was carried out geometric (schematic) thinning what is not recommended in protected zones because of worse influencing of soil permeability, humus decomposition and open forest edge creating. There was identified one older permanent research plot (PRP) and established one new PRP where was performed own measurements. Into the PRPs there are transekts and remaining area. Acreage of PRP is 0,234 and 0,315 ha. On the whole area were measured tree diameter and assessed tree classes (5 degrees–Polanský 1955). Moreover, on transekts were measured tree and also crown height. Based of measured variables were calculated stand characteristics like slenderness ratio, crown ratio, growing stock and basal area. If it is possible, these were compared with older results. The aim of this work is evaluation of spruce stands structure and their stability after schematic thinning. This kind of silvicultural treatment is absolutely unfit in stands with specific (water-protested) function (Slodičák et al. 2010). These stands are from the perspective of static stability too unfit–basal area and abundance of trees is nearly as in yield tables (Kolektív 1992) but growing stock is much higher and a lot of trees is too slim. The slenderness ratio is from 75 to 90 %. But the crown lenght is quite good with crown ratio 52–64 %. In these ages of stands are crowns reduced too much. Suitable individual thinning has been in these stands neglected (growing stock is higher than normal). There is assumed reduced stand lifetime after schematic thinning. Current stand structure is due to the young age inappropriate.

scholarly journals Ertragskundliche Leistung in den Plenterwald-Versuchsflächen der Schweiz | Yield performance in the plenter forest research plots in Switzerland

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. 162-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Zingg ◽  
Fritz Frutig ◽  
Anton Bürgi ◽  
Renato Lemm ◽  
Vinzenz Erni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Forest Research ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
The Future ◽  
Harvesting Costs

22 plenter forest research plots, some of which are under long-term observation, allow the assessment of the performance of these stands and to a certain extent these performances can also be compared with the perfor mances of other management systems. The performance descriptions presented here are in a broad sense of the term growth and yield: the pure growth parameters for four selected areas are complemented by a modelling of the economic results by determination of the timber harvesting costs and the revenues. Young forest surveys were also made in four areas and thus allow us a glimpse into the future development. Most of the areas presented here lie in the silver fir - beech belt, some in the upper montane and in the subalpine zone and only one in a stand rich of broad-leaved trees. An equilibrium model can be calculated for most of these stands. The high altitude areas, two stands with high volume retention and conversion stands were exceptions. These areas showed high fluctuations in the growing stock. In contrast the increment remains the same over a large range of the growing stock. Utilization and increment are on the average in a similar magnitude. Standing volume and heavy timber proportions are lower in higher altitudes due to site conditions. The modelled revenues after deducting harvesting costs can be partly correlated with the diameter of the mean basal area tree of the harvested logs. Based on the stem number distribution from the one year old plant to the thickest tree, the sustainability of the forest effects – timber extraction or protection – for four areas is assured in the future. It can be shown with this data that the big advantage of selection forests lays in the regularity of these performances and this also on small areas.

scholarly journals Zur Waldinventur gehört die Überwachung der Vitalität | Monitoring vitality is an important task for forest inventories

2002 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schmid-Haas
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Ecological Planning ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Crown Defoliation

We are interested in a continuous and healthy forest cover. Therefore vitality and stability of trees should be taken into account in most inventories. These factors influence the future development of the forest and are indispensable for economical as well as ecological planning. Forecasts on the basis of models that do not make use of this information are not always reliable. Increment is one of the best indicators of vitality. In addition,crown defoliation should be estimated, even though this estimator has a large random error and it is well known that only heavy crown defoliations cause an essential loss of productivity. On the other hand, it has also been known for some time that even small crown defoliation rates are correlated with subsequent mortality. Moreover, for Norway spruce and silver fir in the range 0–25% crown defoliation is strongly correlated with diameter increment, if trees are compared strictly within sample plots. Surprisingly, crown defoliation is also an indicator of diminished storm stability. No other quantitative estimator for crowns is as reliable and, despite the initial difficulties in its estimation,crown defoliation is an important indicator for vitality. Changes over time are even more valuable than the absolute value. It is alarming that the number of trees with crown defoliation of more than 25% tripled in Switzerland between 1985 and 2000 – a statistically highly significant increase. Storm damage analysis has shown that infections in butt and roots considerably increase future storm risk. A relatively simple examination of the supporting roots for infections now turns out to be an efficient method to assess tree stability. Further investigation shows strong correlations between infections in the supporting roots of Norway spruce and silver fir and increment and crown defoliation. Evidently, infections in the roots may show the cause of the correlations of crown defoliation and the rate of mortality, increment and storm stability. It is, of course, not possible to monitor vitality and stability in a comprehensive way. However, decisive information on the sustainability of the growing stock can be gained with clearly justifiable costs. These possibilities have not been fully exploited.

Waldreservatspolitik der Schweiz: Zwischenbilanz und Perspektiven aus Sicht des Bundes (Essay)

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Bolliger ◽  
Nicole Imesch ◽  
Reinhard Schnidrig
Keyword(s):  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Reserve Network ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Economic Regions

Forest reserve policy of Switzerland: stock-taking and prospects from the point of view of the Swiss Confederation (Essay) This essay takes stock of the forest reserve policy of the Swiss Confederation and the Cantons, based on a historical perspective that follows the development of the ideas underlying the reserve concept. Today, forest reserves cover an area of 61,000 ha, 53,000 ha of which are actually covered by forest, which corresponds to 4.6% of the Swiss forest area. Thus, the aim of 10% of the forest area having reserve status by 2030 seems realistic. However, regional differences are quite large. Total area, density and the average size of the reserves vary considerably between the 14 economic regions of the Swiss National Forest Inventory. In most regions there is a lack of strict forest reserves of large size (> 150 ha), in which the widespread typical forest formations can develop naturally. Thirty-three of 48 forest reserves larger than 150 ha are concentrated in the economic regions of the western Jura mountains, the eastern Pre-Alps region, the southwestern, southeastern and southern Alps. In the other regions, small reserves dominate – especially on the Swiss Plateau, where 80% of the reserves are smaller than 20 ha. Finally, based on this stock-taking and taking into account additional considerations, we formulate seven focal points of future activities. Considering the regionally very different overall status of forests, gaps in the forest reserve network shall be filled in a targeted manner. Thereby also new, unconventional solutions must be pursued, and especially on the Swiss Plateau and in the western Jura an extra effort must be made.

scholarly journals Advance Regeneration of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine in Hemiboreal Forests in Latvia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Solveiga Luguza ◽  
Guntars Snepsts ◽  
Janis Donis ◽  
Iveta Desaine ◽  
Endijs Baders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Continuous Cover Forestry

Continuous cover forestry (CCF) aims to emulate small natural disturbances and take advantage of natural regeneration. To implement these management practices successfully, knowledge of advance regeneration under the canopy in different conditions is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of stand inventory parameters of canopy layer (age, basal area, height, and density) on the probability and density of advance regeneration of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in hemiboreal forests in Latvia. The data were obtained from the National Forest Inventory, from a total of 879 plots. In the study, only Norway spruce or Scots pine dominated stands were used and the sampled stand age ranged from 21 to 218 years. The probability of advance regeneration differed between stands dominated by Scots pine versus Norway spruce. The probability and density of the advance regeneration of Norway spruce were positively linked to increased stand age, whereas the probability of the advance regeneration of Scots pine was negatively linked to the basal area of the stand. In stands dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine on mesic soils, the advance regeneration of Norway spruce has a high density, whereas the advance regeneration of Scots pine is sporadic and scarce.

Site conditions and definition of compositional proportion modify mixture effects in Picea abies – Abies alba stands

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus O. Huber ◽  
Hubert Sterba ◽  
Luzi Bernhard
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Mixture Effects ◽  
Definition Of

For most forest types in the European Alps, little is known about mixture effects on stand productivity. The comparability of studies on mixture effects often suffers from the open methodological question of whether the results depend on the definition of compositional proportion. In this study, data from the Swiss National Forest Inventory were used to investigate how the growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is modified by the admixture of the other species and if the mixture effect depends on site, climate, age, or stand density. Stocking proportion (proportion by area) as well as the proportion of relative density index, stem number, basal area, stem volume, and aboveground biomass were used to define compositional proportion, and the results were compared. At low-quality sites, Norway spruce grew faster in basal area as its relative share of composition increased, but this pattern diminished as the site quality increased. At cooler sites, silver fir grew faster as its share of composition decreased, but the pattern reversed at warmer sites. Overyielding was predicted only for 16% of the 679 sites used for this study. Beneficial effects of species mixture were overestimated when species-specific stocking potentials were not considered in the definition of compositional proportion.

scholarly journals Crystal structure analysis of dipeptidyl amino peptidase from P. mexicana WO24.

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1058-C1058
Author(s):  
Saori Roppongi ◽  
Chika Tateoka ◽  
Yoshiyuki Suzuki ◽  
Mayu Fujimoto ◽  
Saori Morisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Crystal Structure Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Subunit Structure ◽  
Dpp Iv ◽  
Merops Database ◽  
Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase

Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP or DPP, EC 3.4.14) catalyses the removal of dipeptides from the amino termini of peptides and proteins. In microorganisms, we have reported the identification, purification, and characterization of DAP BI, DAP BII, DAP BIII, and DAP IV (bacterial DPP4), POP fromPseudoxanthomonas mexicanaWO24, and demonstrated that DAP BI, DAP BIII, DAP IV and POP belong to the POP family and they are classified into the clan SC, family S9 in the MEROPS database. On the basis of the enzymological data we obtained, we proposed that bacterial DAPs should be classified in a manner different from that of mammalian DPPs, except for the DAP IV. The DAP IV liberates dipeptides from the free amino terminus and has a specificity for both proline and hydroxyproline residues in the penultimate position of peptides. Here, we report the first structure of the bacterial DPP IV (P. mexicanaWO24 DAP IV) complexed with an inhibitor at 2.2 Å resolution. The subunit structure is composed of two domains, the N-terminal eight-bladed β-propeller domain and the C-terminal alpha/beta/alpha sandwich catalytic domain. These structural features are conserved with clan SC S9 family. However, the N-terminal domain contains a unique helix region that extends over the active site acting as a lid, gating substrate or product access. Based upon the structural data, as well as molecular modeling, a model suggesting that the unique helix region is conserved in some kind of bacterial DPP4s except for mammalian DPP4s and some bacterial DPP4s. Some asaccharolytic and anaerobic bacteria can be used protein or peptides as an energy source. Therefore, these bacteria secrete many types of proteases and peptidases. Especially, the elucidation of degradation mechanisms of collagen, including proline and hydroxyproline, are very important from the point of view of host tissue breakdown in pathogens. Our findings suggest that different ligand recognition mechanisms from the bacterial DPP IV to mammalian DPP4 raise the possibility of an antimicrobial development targeting DPP IV from bacteria.

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