Die Wald-Holz-Option, eine Brücke zwischen Klimapolitik und Wirtschaft – zehn Thesen | The forest/wood option: a bridge between climate politics and the economy - ten theses

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (12) ◽  
pp. 480-488
Author(s):  
Albrecht Bemmann ◽  
Karl Peter Hasenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Carbon Reservoir

Since the beginning of industrialisation the CO2 content in the Earth's atmosphere has increased from approx. 280 ppmv to approx. 370 ppmv today. Despite all national measures and international agreements to reduce them, CO2 emissions will roughly double over the coming decades (carbon emissions:5.6 billion tonnes in 1990; 12.0 billion tonnes in 2050). The forest/wood option has six components: • Avoiding CO2 emissions with forest protection measures • Priority protection for natural forests that represent important carbon reservoirs. • Increase of the fixation of carbon in forest ecological systems and wood products • Increase in biomass and therefore the carbon reservoir via sustainable forest management; • Creation of CO2 sinks by afforesting deforested areas, as well as the regeneration of partially cleared or degraded forests; the creation of nurseries on agricultural land; • By creating sustainable yield the carbon reservoir of the forest can be extended for the duration of its use via wood products (product – reservoir). • Lowering CO2 emissions by substitution • Energetic use of wood from sustainable forest management instead of fossil fuels avoids additional CO2 emissions,as the CO2 released from wood is recaptured and embedded in the biomass; • Use of wood instead of energy intensive materials such as steel, aluminium, cement or stone, avoids CO2 emissions. Taking natural and socio-economic conditions into account the possibilities of the forest/wood option can be implemented in a number countries. Flat, open regions with some forest stands are the best locations for afforestation, which, owing to their socio-economic circumstances, provide suitable conditions for sustainable forest management. The more than two hundred years experience with sustainable forest management and use of wood gained by European foresters and forest scientists should be made available to countries outside Europe for the implementation of the forest/wood option.

Globale Walderhaltung und -bewirtschaftung und ihre Finanzierung: eine Bestandesaufnahme | Global forest conservation and management and its financing: an appraisal

2011 ◽  
Vol 162 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Jürgen Blaser ◽  
Christian Küchli
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Protection

Around one third of the earth's surface is under forest cover which is distributed more or less equally between industrialised and developing countries. Whereas forest areas in the temperate and boreal climate zones are more or less stable or on the increase, the scale of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics remains dramatic. This situation is likely to continue in the decades to come because the world's ever-growing population needs new agricultural land and the pressure on resources (forest products, land, water, minerals) continues to increase as a result of globalisation and global change. Moreover, sustainable forest management has not yet become standard practice in many southern countries because forest management can rarely compete with other forms of land use in terms of economic returns. The protection and sustainable management of forest resources is basically the responsibility of each individual country and cannot be regulated and financed globally. However, enormous financial resources, i.e. on a scale of tens of billions of Swiss francs per year, are required for the introduction of comprehensive land-use planning in developing countries incorporating suitable protection of natural forests and sustainable forest management. New approaches for the valorisation of services provided by forests such as carbon sinks (e.g. REDD+) offer significant potential for improving forest protection and sustainable forest management. It augurs well that the economic internalisation of the forest and its services is in full swing at global level and that, based on the REDD+ resolutions passed at the last climate conference in Cancún, many countries have opted for the path of forest conservation and sustainable forest management.

Sustainability certification and legality verification in Indonesian natural forest-based wood products value chains

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-391
Author(s):  
D. Susilawati ◽  
P.J. Kanowski
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Forest Stewardship Council ◽  
Forest Stewardship

Indonesian natural forest concessions and value chains are governed by a mandatory Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK), which includes assessment of Sustainable Production Forest Management (PHPL). Concessionaires and processors may also pursue voluntary forest certification. This study explores actors' compliance with these instruments along wood product value chains originating primarily from natural forests. Empirical results demonstrate that SVLK fostered legality compliance in domestic as well as export value chains, but still allows some possible loopholes. It is easier for actors to comply with SVLK than with Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, because SVLK has less stringent requirements, and uses an assessment system that allows poor field performance and does not foster continuous improvement of practices. These results identify weaknesses in the architecture and implementation of the regulatory instruments, and suggest measures to strengthen Indonesia's sustainable forest management and timber legality systems.

scholarly journals A synthesis of carbon in international trade

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3949-4023 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Peters ◽  
S. J. Davis ◽  
R. M. Andrew
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Harvested Wood Products ◽  
Global Emissions ◽  
Embodied Co2 Emissions

Abstract. In a globalised world, the transfer of carbon between regions, either physically or embodied in production, represents a substantial fraction of global carbon emissions. The resulting emission transfers are important for balancing regional carbon budgets and for understanding the drivers of regional emissions. In this paper we synthesise current understanding in two parts: (1) embodied CO2 emissions from the production of goods and services produced in one country but consumed in others, (2) physical carbon flows in fossil fuels, petroleum-derived products, harvested wood products, crops, and livestock. We describe the key differences between studies and provide a consistent set of estimates using the same definitions, modelling framework, and consistent data. We find the largest trade flows of carbon in international trade in 2004 were fossil fuels (2673 MtC, 37% of global emissions), CO2 embodied in traded goods and services (1661 MtC, 22% of global emissions), livestock (651 MtC, 20% of total livestock carbon), crops (522 MtC, 31% of total harvested crop carbon), petroleum-based products (183 MtC, 50% of their total production), and harvested wood products (149 MtC, 40% of total roundwood extraction). We find that for embodied CO2 emissions estimates from independent studies are robust. We found that differences between individual studies is not representative of the uncertainty in consumption-based estimates as different studies use different production-based emission estimates as input and different definitions of allocating emissions to international trade. After adjusting for these issues, results across independent studies converge to give less uncertainty than previously assumed. For physical carbon flows there are relatively few studies to be synthesised, but differences between existing studies are due to the method of allocating to international trade with some studies using "apparent consumption" as opposed to "final consumption" in more comprehensive approaches. While results across studies are robust to be used in further applications, more research is needed to understand the differences between methods and to harmonise definitions for particular applications.

scholarly journals Sustainable management of mountain forests in the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vacek ◽  
V. Balcar
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
The Czech Republic

Forest management in the Czech Republic (CR) was not shaped in the environment of natural forests but in the territory that was influenced by unregulated felling and animal grazing for a long time. Hence the fear for sustainable and balanced benefits from forests endangered by long-term uncontrolled exploitation was legitimate. Almost after three centuries of application of the sustainability principle, forests are considered not only as a source of renewable wood raw material but also as a tool of the environment formation. Mountain forests are an important landscape component of this country. They are an object of specific importance from the aspect of natural environment conservation, stabilization of natural processes and general landscape homeostasis. In addition, they fulfil a number of production and non-production functions. Cardinal elements of sustainable forest management in the CR conditions are as follows: management of the forest as an ecosystem, i.e. transition from exclusive care of forest tree species and their stands to care of the whole forest ecosystems; restructuring (conversion, reconstruction) of damaged and declining forests; optimum (species, genetic, spatial, age) structure of forest ecosystems differentiated according to site conditions and management targets; differentiated transition from general management to group or individual methods; utilization and support of spontaneous processes such as natural regeneration, competition and other principles of self-regulation. The above cardinal elements of sustainable forest management are applicable to forests of the CR in general, but their importance considerably increases in mountain forests where many species survive on the margin of subsistence. Moreover, mountain forests of CR have been heavily destroyed by anthropogenic factors, especially air-pollution ecological stresses, during the last three or four decades.

scholarly journals Defining Deforestation Patterns Using Satellite Images from 2000 and 2017: Assessment of Forest Management in Miombo Forests—A Case Study of Huambo Province in Angola

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco Chiteculo ◽  
Azadeh Abdollahnejad ◽  
Dimitrios Panagiotidis ◽  
Peter Surový ◽  
Ram Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Management Zone ◽  
The Impact

A few studies have recently been published on changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) of Angolan Miombo forests, however, none have attempted to offer forest management solutions for degraded Miombo forests. Landscapes are witness to past and present natural and social processes influencing the environment, where each period in the past leaves footprints on the landscape’s development, which can be described by a continual decrease in forest area over time. The expansion of degraded areas from 2000 to 20017 began near urban areas where many Miombo forests have been eliminated or highly degraded, particularly in the southwest and northeast of the Huambo province. Large areas of degraded forests were observed along the Benguela railway (Caminho de ferro de Benguela). Our detailed analysis of the landcover map suggests that the impact has been devastating and there is no form of forest protection, which leads to unregulated exploitation. Descriptions of the Miombo forest dynamics are explained using height–diameter curves developed for different vegetation types that provide important insights about forest structures in the management zones. The height–diameter models differed for all vegetation types, and four management zones (MZ) were created based on a set of particular attributes. The vegetation types differed in each management zone, which included agricultural land and bare soil (MZ–E), grassland or savanna (MZ–C), open Miombo forests (MZ–B), and closed Miombo forests (Miombo forests). The four management zones were easily identified on the available maps and the height–diameter models developed represent a fundamental tool for future studies on forest planning.

scholarly journals A synthesis of carbon in international trade

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3247-3276 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Peters ◽  
S. J. Davis ◽  
R. Andrew
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Harvested Wood Products ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. In a globalised world, the transfer of carbon between regions, either physically or embodied in production, represents a substantial fraction of global carbon emissions. The resulting emission transfers are important for balancing regional carbon budgets and for understanding the drivers of emissions. In this paper we synthesise current understanding in two parts: (1) CO2 emissions embodied in goods and services that are produced in one country but consumed in others, and (2) carbon physically present in fossil fuels, petroleum-derived products, harvested wood products, crops, and livestock products. We describe the key differences between studies and provide a consistent set of estimates using the same definitions, modelling framework, and consistent data. We find the largest trade flows of carbon in international trade in 2004 were fossil fuels (2673 MtC, 37 % of global emissions), CO2 embodied in traded goods and services (1661 MtC, 22 % of global emissions), crops (522 MtC, 31 % of total harvested crop carbon), petroleum-based products (183 MtC, 50 % of their total production), harvested wood products (149 MtC, 40 % of total roundwood extraction), and livestock products (28 MtC, 22 % of total livestock carbon). We find that for embodied CO2 emissions, estimates from independent studies are robust, and that differences between individual studies are not a reflection of the uncertainty in consumption-based estimates, but rather these differences result from the use of different production-based emissions input data and different definitions for allocating emissions to international trade. After adjusting for these issues, results across independent studies converge to give less uncertainty than previously assumed. For physical carbon flows there are relatively few studies to be synthesised, but differences between existing studies are due to the method of allocating to international trade, with some studies using "apparent consumption" as opposed to "final consumption". While results across studies are sufficiently robust to be used in further applications, more research is needed to understand differences and to harmonise definitions for particular applications.

scholarly journals Towards a more complete quantification of the global carbon cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miko U. F. Kirschbaum ◽  
Guang Zeng ◽  
Fabiano Ximenes ◽  
Donna L. Giltrap ◽  
John R. Zeldis
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
River Transport ◽  
Anthropogenic Co2 ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. The main components of global carbon budget calculations are the emissions from burning fossil fuels, cement production, and net land-use change, partly balanced by ocean CO2 uptake and CO2 increase in the atmosphere. The remaining difference between these terms is referred to as the residual sink, assumed to correspond to increasing carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere (ΔB). It is often used to constrain carbon exchange in global earth-system models. More broadly, it guides expectations of autonomous changes in global carbon stocks in response to climatic changes, including increasing CO2, that may add to, or subtract from, anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, a budget with only these terms omits some important additional fluxes that are important for correctly inferring ΔB. They are cement carbonation and fluxes into increasing pools of plastic, bitumen, harvested-wood products, and landfill deposition after disposal of these products, and carbon fluxes to the oceans via wind erosion and non-CO2 fluxes of the intermediate break-down products of methane and other volatile organic compounds. While the global budget includes river transport of dissolved inorganic carbon it omits river transport of dissolved and particulate organic carbon, and the deposition of carbon in inland water bodies. Each one of these terms is relatively small, but together they can constitute important additional fluxes that would significantly reduce the size of the inferred ΔB. We estimate here that inclusion of these fluxes would reduce ΔB from the currently reported 3.6 down to only about 2.1 GtC yr−1 (excluding losses from land-use change). The implicit reduction in the size of ΔB has important implications for the inferred magnitude of current-day biospheric net carbon uptake and the consequent potential of future biospheric feedbacks to amplify or negate net anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Coping with complexity: Designing low-impact forest bioenergy systems using an adaptive forest management framework and other sustainable forest management tools

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenna Lattimore ◽  
Tat Smith ◽  
Jim Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Adaptive Forest Management ◽  
Bioenergy Systems

Forest fuel production is a growing industry in Canada and elsewhere, as governments strive to increase energy security and find alternatives to the use of fossil fuels. While forest bioenergy can provide environmental benefits such as renewability and carbon emissions reductions, the industry can also pose environmental risks through increasing pressure on forest resources. Because large-scale forest bioenergy production is relatively new to Canada, much is still unknown about how such an industry might evolve and impact forest ecosystems. These unknowns, along with the cross-sectoral, multistakeholder nature of the industry, make planning for sustainable forest bioenergy systems quite challenging. In this paper, we introduce some of the challenges to creating sustainable systems, and we discuss how sustainable forest management frameworks like Adaptive Forest Management and Sustainable Forest Management Certification can help to meet these challenges. We also discuss the importance of technology transfer to ensuring that the best available knowledge forms the basis for effective standards and management plans. Sustainable forest management frameworks can help to organize, distil and communicate the growing body of research on forest bioenergy production, link policy to practice through the creation of standards, and incorporate provisions for continual learning and system adaptation, all of which are key to the long-term sustainability of the rapidly evolving forest bioenergy sector. Key words: bioenergy, sustainable forest management frameworks, adaptive forest management, certification, standards, technology transfer

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document