Metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the monkey

1918 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
C. P. Sherwin
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid

scholarly journals Anti-aggregation Effects of Phenolic Compounds on α-synuclein

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2444
Author(s):  
Kenjiro Ono ◽  
Mayumi Tsuji ◽  
Tritia R. Yamasaki ◽  
Giulio M. Pasinetti
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Brain

The aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein (αS) are major pathologic features of Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other α-synucleinopathies. The propagation of αS pathology in the brain plays a key role in the onset and progression of clinical phenotypes. Thus, there is increasing interest in developing strategies that attenuate αS aggregation and propagation. Based on cumulative evidence that αS oligomers are neurotoxic and critical species in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies, we and other groups reported that phenolic compounds inhibit αS aggregation including oligomerization, thereby ameliorating αS oligomer-induced cellular and synaptic toxicities. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota may influence the efficacy of dietary polyphenol metabolism. Our recent studies on the brain-penetrating polyphenolic acids 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HBA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-diHBA), and 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPPA), which are derived from gut microbiota-based metabolism of dietary polyphenols, demonstrated an in vitro ability to inhibit αS oligomerization and mediate aggregated αS-induced neurotoxicity. Additionally, 3-HPPA, 3,4-diHBA, 3-HBA, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly attenuated intracellular αS seeding aggregation in a cell-based system. This review focuses on recent research developments regarding neuroprotective properties, especially anti-αS aggregation effects, of phenolic compounds and their metabolites by the gut microbiome, including our findings in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies.

scholarly journals Autotoxicity in Some Ornamentals with the Means to Overcome It

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1346-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiki Asao ◽  
Hiroaki Kitazawa ◽  
Kazuyori Ushio ◽  
Yukio Sueda ◽  
Takuya Ban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Growth Inhibitors ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Prairie Gentian ◽  
Pot Marigold ◽  
Sweet Pea

Autotoxicity in some ornamentals was investigated. The plants were grown by hydroponics with or without the addition of activated charcoal (AC) to the nutrient solution. The AC was used to trap the exuded organics from roots. Among the 37 plants under study, growth of lily, prairie gentian, corn poppy, farewell-to-spring, rocket larkspur, and carnation was drastically reduced in the absence of AC compared with those in the presence of AC in the nutrient solution. Root exudates of some plants were analyzed and several organic compounds were detected. The strong growth inhibitors such as lactic acid in pot marigold, benzoic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in lily, o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in rocket larkspur, benzoic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in sweet pea, and maleic and benzoic acid in prairie gentian were detected in the root exudates. The reduced growth of prairie gentian after prolonged cultivation in a field might be avoided by amending the soil with AC at a rate of 60 kg·10a−1.

Induction of plantlets in axenically cultivated rhizoids of Fucus spiralis

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1616-1620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Fries
Keyword(s):  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Dihydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
Plantlet Formation ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Fucus Spiralis ◽  
Active Substances

Rhizoids of Fucus spiralis were cultivated axenically in the artificial seawater ASP6 F2. Experiments were made to increase the filamental growth as well as to induce adventive primordia (plantlets). Additions of such carbon compounds as glucose, acetate, and formate had no favourable effects even in concentrations as low as 1∙10−4 M. Mannitol killed the rhizoids in higher concentrations and inhibited growth even in a concentration as low as 1∙10−5 M. Higher concentrations of glycerol also inhibited growth, but 1∙10−4 M was an exception as it initiated plantlets. Many simple phenolic compounds induced plantlets. Among the most active substances were phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, o-hydroxybenzoic acid, and o-acetoxybenzoic acid, with optimal effects in the concentration range of 1∙10−7 to 1∙10−6 M. β-Indolylacetic acid strongly influenced the dry weight as well as plantlet formation at concentrations of 1∙10−8 to 1∙10−7 M, with 1∙10−8 M favouring plantlet induction. It is obvious that β-indolylacetic acid plays an important role in the earlier stages of the development of Fucus.

scholarly journals Phenolic substances in Ailanthus glandulosa Desf

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Karolina Pekala ◽  
Katarzyna Wawrzusiszyn ◽  
Anna Bogucka-Kocka
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Suitable Reference ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Methoxybenzoic Acid

Abstract The aim of this work was the isolation and identification of phenolic acids from fruit and leaves of Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. The methods used in the isolation and identification of the compounds were: isolation of phenolic acids modified by Ibrahim and Towers, acidic and alkaline hydrolysis by Schmidtlein and Herrmann and identification of phenolic acids in the isolated fraction of two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose plates. In the course of the study, the presence of phenolic acids in leaves and fruit of Ailanthus glandulosa Desf was confirmed. Overall, proportions of 15 phenolic acids were found and identified in the analyzed material. These are: gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syryngic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, 2-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dimethoxycinnamic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3 other compounds named A, B, C, whose identification was not possible due to the lack of suitable reference patterns. Studies have shown that leaves and fruit of the plant Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. contain a large number of phenolic acids which possess many important pharmacological activities.

scholarly journals Urinary carboxylic acids (UCAs) in subjects with autism spectrum disorder and their association with bacterial overgrowth

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Paulina Gątarek ◽  
Jagoda Jóźwik-Pruska ◽  
Geir Bjørklund ◽  
Salvatore Chirumbolo ◽  
Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid

AbstractIn this study, the levels of concentration of carboxylic acids (benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and hippuric acid) in the urine of autistic children were investigated and compared. The increased excretion of carboxylic acids is related to excessive bacterial activity in the gut, called bacterial overgrowth, which has been related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as an impairment in the gut-brain axis. The investigation was based on the analysis of urine samples obtained from 120 ASD children. To identify and quantify urinary carboxylic acids (UCAs), we applied gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we checked the influence of probiotic supplementation, gender, body mass index (BMI) value and age of children on the level of different selected compounds. Most of the obtained results were found within reference ranges. In some cases, the levels of benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were particularly elevated. Statistically significant differences were observed in supplementation with probiotics and the level of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p=0.036). The obtained results may indicate disturbances in the intestinal flora in some autistic patients and suggest that supplements may have an influence on the levels of carboxylic acids in urine. Due to the small population of children taking the supplement, further study are needed.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Detection in Berry Samples from Alaska

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 830B-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseann Leiner ◽  
Abraham Smyth ◽  
Rudy Candler ◽  
Patricia S. Holloway*
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Syringic Acid ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Absorbance Detection ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
Aqueous Solvent ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid

Berries and vegetables can be sources of beneficial phytochemicals that may have antioxidant activity in the human diet. Information on type and quantity of phytochemicals may open new crop opportunities for berries and vegetables harvested in Alaska. A method was developed for detecting ascorbic acid and eight phenolic acids on an HPLC instrument using a reverse phase Merck Chromolith C18 column. The method used UV absorbance detection at 280nm to separate a standard solution of the following nine phytochemicals: ascorbic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. The mobile phase was a mixture (3.5% to 14% gradient) of organic solvent (5 parts acetonitrile: 2 parts methanol) and aqueous solvent (2 mmol aqueous trifluoroacetic acid - TFA) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. In 2003, over 60 samples of berries and 60 samples of baby greens were extracted and analyzed. Plant samples were extracted by blending 10-20g of frozen plant tissue with 5 parts TFA. The extracts were centrifuged, diluted 4:1 and filtered (0.2 μm). Chromatograms from HPLC analysis for all samples were complex in peak size and number. Chromatograms for six extracts of high bush cranberries, Viburnum edule, exhibited intense peaks that indicate the presence of caffeic acid, based on retention times. Chromatograms for seven extracts of rose hips, Rosa acicularis, exhibited peaks that indicate the presence of ascorbic acid, based on retention times. Gallic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid are apparent minor components in the leaves of some baby greens. This research will continue in 2004 with more plant samples and further method development for detection of other phytochemicals.

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