scholarly journals Introduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette Makovicky ◽  
Robin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Personal Freedom ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Use Tax ◽  
The Relationship

This special issue decenters tax as an analytic device for understanding the relationship between state and citizen while examining the limits of social contract thinking. Focusing on how citizens interpret and react to state efforts to promote fiscal citizenship, it sheds light on contemporary fiscal structures and public debates about the moralities, practices, and imaginaries of tax systems. The contributors use tax to explore the nature of citizenship, personal freedom, and moral and economic value. They also highlight how taxation may be influenced by spaces of fiscal sovereignty that exist outside or alongside the state in the form of alternative religious and economic communities.

Jainism in Danger? Temple entry and the rhetoric of religion and reform in post-colonial India

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
MANISHA SETHI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Open The Doors ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A bitter debate broke out in the Digambar Jain community in the middle of the twentieth century following the passage of the Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act in 1947, which continued until well after the promulgation of the Untouchability (Offences) Act 1955. These laws included Jains in the definition of ‘Hindu’, and thus threw open the doors of Jain temples to formerly Untouchable castes. In the eyes of its Jain opponents, this was a frontal and terrible assault on the integrity and sanctity of the Jain dharma. Those who called themselves reformists, on the other hand, insisted on the closeness between Jainism and Hinduism. Temple entry laws and the public debates over caste became occasions for the Jains not only to examine their distance—or closeness—to Hinduism, but also the relationship between their community and the state, which came to be imagined as predominantly Hindu. This article, by focusing on the Jains and this forgotten episode, hopes to illuminate the civilizational categories underlying state practices and the fraught relationship between nationalism and minorities.

Narrative Fictions on State-Terrorism and Trauma: Re-reading Helon Habila’s Waiting for an Angel and John Nkemngong Nkengasong’s Across the Mongolo

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-166
Author(s):  
Eric Nsuh Zuhmboshi
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Mongo Beti ◽  
State Terrorism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Agitation ◽  
African Writers ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship that exists between the state and her citizens has been described by Jean Jacques Rousseau as “a social contract.” In this contractual agreement, citizens are bound to respect state authority while the state, in turn, has the bounden duty to protect her citizens and guide them in their aspirations. In fact, any state that does not perform this duty is guilty of violating the fundamental rights of her citizens. This, however, is not the case in most postcolonial societies where the citizens see the state as an aggressive apparatus against their wellbeing because the state is not fulfilling its own part of the social contract, which requires them to protect the citizens and guide them in their aspirations. This unfortunate situation has laid the foundation for protest and anti-establishment writings in post-colonial societies – especially in Africa. Since literature, as a semiotic resource, is coterminous with its socio-political context, this attitude of the state has drawn inimical criticism from key postcolonial African writers such as Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Mongo Beti, and Nadine Gordimer. Using Helon Habila’s Waiting for an Angel and John Nkemngong Nkengasong’s Across the Mongolo, this essay shows the relationship between state-terrorism and the traumatic conditions of the citizens in contemporary Africa. From the perspective of trauma theory, the essay defends the premise that the postcolonial subjects/characters, in the novels under study, are traumatized and depressed because of their continuous victimization by the state. Due to this state-imposed terror and hardship, the citizens are forced to indulge in political agitation, radicalism and violence in response to their destitute and impoverished conditions.

Bringing the State Back In: Studying Ukrainian Statehood in the 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340
Author(s):  
Markian Dobczansky ◽  
Simone Attilio Bellezza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article introduces a special issue on Ukrainian statehood. Based on the conference “A Century of Ukrainian Statehoods: 1917 and Beyond” at the University of Toronto, the special issue examines the relationship between the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1920 and the Soviet Ukrainian state over the long term. The authors survey the history of the Ukrainian SSR and propose two points of emphasis: the need to study the promises of “national” and “social” liberation in tandem and the persistent presence of an “internal other” in Soviet Ukrainian history.

scholarly journals Refugees, forced migration, and conflict: Introduction to the special issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Braithwaite ◽  
Idean Salehyan ◽  
Burcu Savun
Keyword(s):  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Few issues in international politics have dominated public debates, both in domestic and international arenas, as much as refugee movements across borders in recent years. By the end of 2017, more than 68.5 million people – one in approximately every 110 people on the planet – had been displaced from their homes, either as internally displaced persons (IDPs) or as refugees, due to violent conflict, persecution, famine, or natural disasters. This article introduces a special issue on refugees, forced migration, and conflict. It describes the evolution of the international refugee regime and identifies theoretical and methodological advances in the relevant literature. It concludes with a discussion of the individual contributions to the issue, which seek to address gaps in the literature with respect to explaining motivations for refugee departures, understanding the relationship between refugee populations and political instability in host countries, and tracking public attitudes towards hosting refugee populations.

The relationship of the tax system model and the stage of economic development of the state on the example of China

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
Ю.Ю. Косенкова
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
System Model ◽  
Tax System ◽  
System A ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

В данном исследовании была сделана попытка установить связь между стадией экономического развития государства со сформировавшейся моделью налоговой системы на примере налоговой системы КНР. В рамках проведенного анализа первоначально обосновывалось отнесение национальной экономики к той или иной стадии экономического развития. Далее на основе изучения особенностей налоговой системы был сформирован перечень характеристик, присущих налоговым системам государств, находящихся на индустриальном этапе развития. The study establishes a connection between the stage of economic development of the state and the established model of the tax system using the example of the tax system in China. First of all, the attribution of the national economy to a particular stage of economic development is justified. Then, on the basis of studying the features of the tax system, a list of characteristics inherent to the tax systems of states at the industrial stage of development was formed.

scholarly journals Housing and Citizenship: Building Social Rights in Twentieth-Century Portugal

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO RAMOS PINTO
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article investigates the origins of modern citizenship in Portugal through the example of the historical construction of housing as a social right. It argues this process owes much to the centralisation and strengthening of the state undertaken by Salazar's ‘New State’ (1933–74), whose transformative project changed the nature of the relationship between the governing and the governed, making political claims based on social rights plausible. The ensuing political dynamic changed the nature of the social contract in Portugal, tying the legitimacy of the state to the provision of social rights, a factor which eventually contributed to the dictatorship's demise.

Motherhood in France: Towards a Queer Maternity?

Paragraph ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Power
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
The State ◽  
Symbolic Order ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maternal Status ◽  
The Way

This article examines the relationship between feminism, queer theory and the rise of popular debate over maternity and anti-maternity that has arisen in recent years in France. Through the image of ‘queer maternity’, that is to say, of women who question motherhood from the position of already having had children, the article tries to rethink the way in which feminism, queer theory and motherhood could be placed in relation to one another such that by questioning maternity, the symbolic order that places motherhood on the side of the state and futurity can itself be questioned as a whole. This has particular resonances in the French context where a discourse of ‘natural’ motherhood has come to dominate: the ‘queer’ mother who questions her maternal status is thus argued to represent a threat to the futurity of the family, the social contract and the existing order.

Commercial Licenses as Political Contracts

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-229
Author(s):  
Katie Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
Food Retailers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Justices Of The Peace ◽  
Economic Citizenship ◽  
Fiscal Contract ◽  
The Relationship

From 1791 to 1793 and again from 1795 to 1798, the deputies taxed work through occupational licenses called the patente. This chapter reveals how the revolutionaries refracted the relationship among work, property, and autonomous citizenship through this tax. To replace the revenue generated by guild fees, the deputies created graduated tax brackets to target the wealth generated by an individual’s occupation. By exchanging fees for permissions, the patente created a fiscal contract between citizens and the state that mirrored the social contract. Legislators assessed the patente according to criteria for full citizenship including independence and immobile property. From 1796 to 1798, the patente fashioned a type of economic citizenship not predicated on gender and enabled the Dames to form a fiscal contract with the nation, unlike all male wage laborers. In patente hearings before justices of the peace, the Dames articulated their trade as autonomous work. When the deputies reorganized taxes by familial unit and exempted food retailers in 1798, the Dames lost their licenses and fiscal autonomy. The Directory simultaneously reconsolidated political authority into male heads of households.

scholarly journals Introduction: Public Archaeologies of Death and Memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Howard Williams
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Public Archaeology ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Mortuary Archaeology ◽  
The Public ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archaeology Of Death ◽  
The Relationship

This Introduction to AP’s third special issue seeks to provide context and rationale to the study of ‘public mortuary archaeology’ before reviewing the development of the volume. Building on the presentations of the first Public Archaeology Twitter Conference of April 2017, these articles comprise a wide range of original analyses reflecting on the public archaeology of death, including evaluations of fieldwork contexts, churches and museums. These articles are joined by discussions of the digital dimensions to public mortuary archaeology, an appraisal of ancient and modern DNA research as public mortuary archaeology, and the relationship between mortuary archaeology and palliative care. Together, the articles constitute the state of current thinking on the public archaeology of death, burial and commemoration.

Introduction: British nuclear culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN HOGG ◽  
CHRISTOPH LAUCHT
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Nuclear Science ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fictional Narratives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Citizen ◽  
Nuclear Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn the extended introduction to this special issue on British nuclear culture, the guest editors outline the main historiographical and conceptual contours of British nuclear scholarship, and explore whether we can begin to define ‘British nuclear culture’ before introducing the contributors to this special issue, whose work we have organized into three broad areas. The first part is devoted to three articles that offer explicit and extended attempts to reconceptualize British nuclear culture, illuminating the complex links between nuclear science, the state and the individual citizen. The second part of this issue is devoted to three articles that concentrate on aspects of the history of nuclear science – focusing particularly on intellectuals, nuclear scientists and enthusiasts – alongside analysis of the popularization of nuclear science as well as the relationship between the state and nuclear science and its practitioners. In the third part, four articles examine the diverse ways in which ‘official’ narratives of the atomic age can be questioned, disrupted or enhanced by analysing the significance of journalistic, anti-nuclear and fictional narratives to the development of nuclear culture in Britain.

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