Mechanisms of Risk Production in Modern Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Büscher ◽  
Aldo Mascareño
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Environmental Engineering ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Urban Research ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Historical References

Historically, risk assessment and the concept of risk itself have been dominated by environmental, engineering, and economic sciences. Consequently, in analyzing risk production in modern cities, a rather technical view emerges on risks and urban dynamics. Though scientifically grounded and practically useful, this view fails to capture the social complexity of the city, its paradoxes and causalities. Elaborating on the hypothesis that the life-supporting mechanisms in modern cities are simultaneously life-endangering mechanisms, the article aims to develop a sociological framework to comprehend the dynamics of systematic risk production in the urban milieu. Methodologically, to illustrate the functioning of such mechanisms, we will use historical references and several empirical analyses related to urban research.

Between dialect and standard

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-199
Author(s):  
Isabel Molina Martos
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Parameters ◽  
Castilian Spanish ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

Abstract This paper offers a sociolinguistic analysis of the consonants (s) and (d) in the coda position in the city of Madrid, within the framework of the Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish from Spain and America (PRESEEA). The purpose is to illustrate how varieties of southern Castilian Spanish and those from the central and northern Peninsula converge and diverge, taking into consideration the social, political, and economic parameters that affect said processes. The diversity of patterns that coexist in the Madrid speech community reflects the city’s historic social complexity, the varied geographical origins of its migrant population, the interests that motivate each community of practice, as well as other circumstances that influence the direction of change. The analysis of (s) and (d) in coda illustrates the way in which the dynamics of variation and change in Madrid fluctuate between two poles: standardization and regionalization, the same two axes around which the community’s sociolinguistic patterns revolve.

scholarly journals The countryside in the city? Rural-urban dynamics in allotment gardens in Brno, Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Sovová ◽  
Radoslava Krylová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Allotment Gardens ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Hybrid Spaces ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Characteristics

Abstract The position of urban allotments in the rural-urban spectrum is evaluated in this paper, which contributes to literatures on urban gardening, as well as contemporary rural-urban dynamics. Historically, European allotments can be seen as a product of urbanisation. At the same time, they embody a number of “non-urban” characteristics that create the impression of “the countryside in the city”. This research project investigates how the urban and the rural are materialised, represented and practised in five allotment sites in Brno, Czech Republic. We follow three main lines of enquiry where the urban and the rural seem to meet: the physical environment of the allotments; the social life of these spaces; and food production as one of their core functions. Critical reflection of the rural-urban perspective advances our understanding of urban gardens, while, at the same time, allotments offer an example of hybrid spaces, which, in turn, contribute to discussions on current cities and countrysides. Overcoming the urban-rural dichotomy could facilitate the inclusion of urban gardening in contemporary cities.

A case of urban integration: Vienna's port area and the Ottoman merchants in the eighteenth century

Urban History ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David Do Paço
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Port Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Abstract Studying the Ottoman subjects in eighteenth-century Vienna helps to understand better the process of integration of the different districts of the city in a fast-changing context, especially around its Danube port area. Despite the withdrawal of the Ottoman empire from central Europe after 1683, Ottomans were fully a part of the history of Vienna and their presence has to be explored within the specific urban dynamics of a city: the reconfiguration of its economic sectors and social places, the tensions at play between the socio-economic groups by which a city was made and the evolution of its urban planning. Focusing on the Ottoman merchants operating in Vienna allows us to identify and to analyse the workings of the port area of the fourth largest city in Europe and to explore the social spaces of Viennese markets, streets, courtyards and coffeehouses.

scholarly journals Pensando la inmigración desde las instituciones de la ciudad

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Kayamba Tshitshi Ndouba
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Science Approach ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
The City

This paper conducts a bibliographic review of the main theoretical formulations that make migration processes dialogue with urban dynamics. From this, two records of academic literature arise. The first one, from a sociological approach, problematizes not only the modalities of gradual integration of immigrants into urban space but also the challenges resulting from the forms of occupation and transformation of the social, economic, cultural, and symbolic spaces of the city. The second one has a political science approach that explores the new analytical perspectives that reconstruct and reformulates the problems of the urban management of immigration, examining the different scenarios and factors that influence and shape the governance of immigration and cultural diversity in cities. These two approaches are significantly useful and have undeniable heuristic value to construct a modern immigration theory in the urban context.

scholarly journals Urban dynamics, everyday hazards and disaster risks in Ibadan, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibidun O Adelekan
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The City ◽  
Official Records

Many cities in sub-Saharan Africa lack official records of deaths and of serious illnesses and injuries from everyday hazards and disaster events at all scales. This is a major limitation to effective planning for risk reduction. This paper seeks to fill some of these data gaps for the city of Ibadan, drawing on newspaper reports, hospital records, and databases or records of government departments for the period 2000–2015. It presents what can be learned about risks from these sources and discusses how the social, economic and political structures at the national, city and locality levels contribute to the most serious urban risks, as well as how these drive the process of risk accumulation, especially for vulnerable groups. Excluding public health risks for which data are scarce and incomplete, road traffic accidents, crime, violence and flooding constitute the most serious hazards in the city of Ibadan.

scholarly journals Social and geographical aspects of development of urbanizational process in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-536
Author(s):  
L. B. Zastavetska ◽  
T. B. Zastavetskyi ◽  
B. V. Zablotskyi ◽  
K. D. Dudarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
The City ◽  
Further Development

The article examines the development of the urbanization process in Ukraine, highlights its stages and describes the factors that influenced the formation and development of cities. Considerable attention is paid to the peculiarities of the periods of urbanization in our country. In particular, the following stages of this process are highlighted: the emergence of the first cities and Greek colonial cities, the emergence of ancient Russian cities as defense and artisan centers, the strengthening of urban development under the influence of the development of manufactory production, transport routes, rapid urban development under the influence of industrialization, the formation of agglomerations and the modern period the development of urban settlements, which is characterized by the phenomenon ofdeurbanization. The main factors that had an impact on the formation of urban settlements in each period were identified, the largest cities that were formed at the time. The periods of prosperity and decline of cities, causes of urbanization, suburbanization anddeurbanization, transformation of functions of cities in the modern period and their role in resettlement systems are revealed. It is noted that the stages of prosperity of Ukrainian cities at the end of the XX century vary in the stage of evolutionary development, and later in degradation. This is evidenced by changes in the number of urban population and the number of cities in Ukraine. The main ways of the emergence of modern cities from the social and economic crisis are outlined. Cities, as centers of new territorial communities, will take on new functions. They will become centers of social and economic transformation, business centers for surrounding territories. To do this, it is necessary to determine for each city the main industry of production or services, which would be a "driver" for its further development. At the same time possible or rebranding (the restoration of activity that was previously in the city), or the creation of new types of economy, for the development of which are local resources. The importance of forming a modern city as a source of innovations is emphasized, which will allow it to become the center of investment transformation of territorial communities for the future.

scholarly journals The construction and form of modern cities: exploring identities and community

Urban History ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-423
Author(s):  
Nick Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disciplinary Perspective ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The City

‘Urban historians’, we are told, are ‘obliged to be more eclectic’ than other scholars of the city. The volumes covered by this review certainly speak to the rich diversity of urban history making.* While the others can take a ‘well-defined disciplinary perspective’ – as sociologists, geographers, etc. – only we are expected to ‘study the interaction of the urban fabric on the social fabric’ in its ‘unique spatial setting’ across social, economic and political boundaries (and of course through time). This is a rhetoric – an ideal, perhaps – with which most of us, doubtless, are already familiar. But how does it translate into practice? In our everyday imperfect world of time constraints a nominal commitment to eclecticism can instead spawn specialization, and thus a lack of cross-disciplinary ‘cohesion’, so that the ‘umbrella’ of diversity instead becomes an agency for introversion. To be truly eclectic, therefore, presumably urban historians need to be not only better read (and/or brighter) than other academic colleagues, but also better resourced! Yet before we all rush to our respective departmental heads to make a claim, we need to ask, too, whether this declaration of eclecticism is little more than yet another ‘idealized’ story that we tell about ourselves: part of our identity, of how we would like to be seen, an affirmation of our self-view. Is it as ‘imagined’, for example, as other forms of identity – a construct to serve a purpose? Is it there to make us feel special, valued and privileged?

Commentary

1971 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delmos Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
New York ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Urban Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

This issue's Commentary, edited by Delmos Jones, treats the concepts of "relevance" and "value" as they are used in the social sciences, particularly in urban research. The main essay, Relevance and Values in Urban Research by Marcia Guttentag of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the Harlem Research Center, is followed by comments from David Jacobsen, Andrea Simon and Sydel Levy, Anthony LaRuffa, and Benjamin Ringer. Dr. Guttentag responds to their criticisms.

scholarly journals Construcción del espacio urbano y modelación social desde la “ciudad letrada”: Santiago, Chile (Siglos XVI-XVIII)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 237-270
Author(s):  
Alfredo German Gómez Alcorta ◽  
Claudia Prado Berlien ◽  
Francisco Ocaranza Bosio
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Social Modeling ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
Ciudad Letrada ◽  
Colonial Urbanism ◽  
Social Subordination ◽  
The City ◽  
Historical References

Este estudio aborda el problema de la representación de la ciudad colonial como escenario de jerarquización y subordinación social. Presentamos aquí la pesquisa de evidencias documentales a fin de refrendar la imagen de la ciudad como escenario de ordenamiento, coerción social y manifestaciones de alternidad. En esta búsqueda hemos utilizado referencias históricas de las Actas del Cabildo de Santiago además de la historiografía referida a este tema. Presentamos evidencias de las  tensiones en la ciudad colonial referente al adoctrinamiento social, la persecución de idolatrías, su diversidad cultural, multietnicidad y marginación social en la sociedad urbana santiaguina, en un esfuerzo permanente de modelación social.Construction of urban space and social modeling from the "ciudad letrada": Santiago, Chile (XVI-XVIII Centuries)AbstractThis study approaches the problem of the representation of the colonial city as scene of hierarchical organization and social subordination. We present here the search of documentary evidence in order to countersign the image of the city as place of classification, social restriction and sub-alternity manifestations. In this search we have used historical references of the “Actas del Cabildo” of Santiago besides the historiography concerning to this topic. We present evidences of the tensions in the colonial city relating to the social indoctrination, the pursuit of “idolatrías”, his cultural diversity, multiethnicity and social marginalization in the urban society of Santiago, in a permanent effort of social modeling.Keywords: city, colonial urbanism, colonial project, urban space.

The Effect of the Political Situation in the City of Jerusalem on the Rights of the Jerusalem Women

1970 ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Fadwa Al-Labadi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Legislative Processes

The concept of citizenship was introduced to the Arab and Islamic region duringthe colonial period. The law of citizenship, like all other laws and regulations inthe Middle East, was influenced by the colonial legacy that impacted the tribal and paternalistic systems in all aspects of life. In addition to the colonial legacy, most constitutions in the Middle East draw on the Islamic shari’a (law) as a major source of legislation, which in turn enhances the paternalistic system in the social sector in all its dimensions, as manifested in many individual laws and the legislative processes with respect to family status issues. Family is considered the nucleus of society in most Middle Eastern countries, and this is specifically reflected in the personal status codes. In the name of this legal principle, women’s submission is being entrenched, along with censorship over her body, control of her reproductive role, sexual life, and fertility.

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