Greenhouse Evaluation of Section Arachis Wild Species for Sclerotinia Blight and Cylindrocladium Black Rot Resistance

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
J. E. Hollowell ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Rectangular Lattice ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Arachis Species ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Mist Chamber

ABSTRACT Wild Arachis species from section Arachis have been promoted as sources of resistance to common peanut diseases and insect pests. The objective of our study was to identify wild Arachis species with resistance to Sclerotinia blight and Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR). One hundred and ten accessions/entries from 23 Arachis species including A. hypogaea were evaluated in the greenhouses at North Carolina State University between January and March of 2010 in a 11×10 rectangular lattice experimental design with 4 replications for Sclerotinia blight and 6 replications for CBR. For the Sclerotinia blight test, seeds were planted in 10 cm clay pots and 8-wk-old plants were inoculated in a mist chamber with BEEM capsules containing the fungus inserted on the petioles of the 4th leaf from the apex on the primary branch. Lesion lengths were measured 4, 5, 6, and 7 d after inoculation, and areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) were calculated. For the CBR test, seeds were planted in soil mixed with microsclerotia (25/g) in cone-tainers partly immersed in water. Root damage was recorded after 60 d on a 0–5 proportional scale (0 = no decay to 5 = completely decayed). Data analysis indicated significant (p<0.05) variation among and within Arachis species for both diseases. Arachis glandulifera exhibited the highest level of Sclerotinia blight resistance followed by A. correntina, A. herzogii, and A. helodes, although the last three species were not significantly different from A. hypogaea. Overall, low genetic variability for Sclerotinia blight resistance was observed among the wild species accessions. For CBR, A. valida, A. cruziana, A. microsperma, A. williamsii, A. kempff-mercadoi, A. kuhlmannii, A. helodes, A. cardenasii and A. correntina formed the most resistant group with A. hypogaea in the most susceptible group. Overall, significant genetic variability for CBR resistance was found among the different wild species accessions. However, not all accessions within a species were resistant to either disease, and most accessions that were resistant to one disease were susceptible to the other.

scholarly journals Screening of the Argentinean INTA peanut core collection with a molecular marker associated with resistance to Sclerotinia minor Jaggar

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
K.D. Chamberlin ◽  
J.J. Baldessari ◽  
E.M.C. Mamani ◽  
M.V. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Potential Sources

ABSTRACT Cultivated peanut, the third most important oilseed in the world, is consistently threatened by various diseases and pests. Sclerotinia minor Jagger (S. minor), the causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, is a major threat to peanut production in many countries and can reduce yield by up to 50% in severely infested fields. Host plant resistance will provide the most effective solution to managing Sclerotinia blight, but limited sources of resistance to the disease are available for use in breeding programs. Peanut germplasm collections are available for exploration and identification of new sources of resistance, but traditionally the process is lengthy, requiring years of field testing before those potential sources can be identified. Molecular markers associated with phenotypic traits can speed up the screening of germplasm accessions. The objective of this study was to genotype the peanut core collection of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Manfredi, Argentina, with a molecular marker associated with Sclerotinia blight resistance. One hundred and fifty-four (154) accessions from the collection were available and genotyped using the Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker. Accessions from each botanical variety type represented in the core collection were identified as new potential sources of resistance and targeted for further evaluation in field tests for Sclerotinia blight resistance.

Reaction of the Core Collection of Peanut Germplasm to Sclerotinia Blight and Pepper Spot1

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Damicone ◽  
C. C. Holbrook ◽  
D. L. Smith ◽  
H. A. Melouk ◽  
K. D. Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract In 2001, entries from the peanut core collection, a subset of the USDA peanut germplasm collection, were planted in non-replicated plots in a field with a history of Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor. Variability existed among entries for reaction to Sclerotinia blight. Of the 744 entries evaluated, 11% had no disease, nearly 30% had <10% disease incidence, and only 21% had 50% disease incidence or more. Most of the resistant entries had an upright growth habit and were in early and mid-maturity groups. Many of the early maturing entries were susceptible to the foliar disease pepper spot which occurred throughout the study. Entries were selected for further evaluation in replicated plots based on a nil to low (<10%) incidence of Sclerotinia blight, adaptation and/or vigor, and other desirable characteristics such as an intermediate to prostrate growth habit and pepper spot resistance. Selected entries were retested in both 2002 and 2003 (n  =  62) and compared to resistant (Tamspan 90), moderately resistant (Tamrun 96), and susceptible (Okrun) reference cultivars. Most entries (55 in 2001 and 46 in 2003) had disease incidence less than Tamrun 96 and similar to Tamspan 90. In 2003 when disease incidence was highest, all 46 entries with resistant reactions similar to that of Tamspan 90 had erect plant growth habits except for entries 208 and 582 which were prostrate, and entries 273, 128, and 804 which were intermediate. Resistance to Sclerotinia blight and yield similar to Tamspan 90, plant habit, and/or reactions to pepper spot and web blotch were used to select the best entries. Entries 208, 128, 804, 582, and 273 combined resistance to Sclerotinia blight, pepper spot, and web blotch with less than erect growth habits. Entry 103 had good Sclerotinia blight resistance and yield, but an upright growth habit. Entry 92 had an upright growth habit and low yield, but good Sclerotinia blight resistance. Entries 92 and 103 had upright growth habits but were among the best entries for resistant to pepper spot and web blotch. Entries 426, 184, and 562 were upright and susceptible to pepper spot, but had resistance to web blotch and the best resistance to Sclerotinia blight. These entries appear to be useful sources of resistance to Sclerotinia blight for breeding programs and for increasing the probability of finding additional sources of resistance in clusters of germplasm identified within the entire USDA collection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Arachis Species and Interspecific Tetraploid Lines for Resistance to Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Q. Xue ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker ◽  
G. A. Payne ◽  
G. OBrian
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Arachis Species ◽  
Aflatoxin Accumulation

Abstract Anatoxins are carcinogenic and extremely toxic secondary metabolites produced primarily by two fungi, Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries and A. parasiticus Speare. Elimination of aflatoxin contamination in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a high priority of the peanut industry. Resistant cultivars should be an effective and low-cost part of an integrated aflatoxin management program. To date, no cultivated peanut has been reported with stable high levels of resistance to aflatoxin production. Arachis species and interspecific tetraploid lines have been evaluated for resistance to several peanut diseases and insect pests, and highly resistant accessions have been reported. Seven accessions of A. cardenasii Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, 29 of A. duranensis Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, and 17 interspecific tetraploid lines derived from A. hypogaea × A. cardenasii were inoculated with A. flavus strain NRRL 3357 and analyzed for aflatoxin content after incubation. On average, A. duranensis and A. cardenasii accumulated significantly less aflatoxin than A. hypogaea checks. The mean difference between the two wild species was not significant. Arachis duranensis accessions PI 468319 (GKBSPSc 30073), PI 468200 (GKBSPSc 30064), and PI 262133 (GKP 10038 sl.); and A. cardenasii accessions PI 262141 (GKP 10017) and PI 475997 (KSSc 36018) had reduced levels of aflatoxin accumulation and should be valuable sources of resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Of the interspecific tetraploid lines, only GP-NC WS 2 supported aflatoxin production not significantly different from resistant parent A. cardenasii GKP 10017, and it appears to be a line with reduced capacity for aflatoxin accumulation.

Screening of Virginia-Type Peanut Breeding Lines for Resistance to Cylindrocladium Black Rot and Sclerotinia Blight in the Greenhouse

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Hollowell ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
S. C. Copeland ◽  
B. B. Shew
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Cylindrocladium Parasiticum ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Mist Chamber ◽  
Greenhouse Assay

Abstract Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum and Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor are two economically important diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in the Virginia-Carolina production area. Developing cultivars with resistance to both diseases requires screening of new peanut breeding lines for resistance. Because field evaluations of resistance to these diseases often fail to produce usable results, greenhouse protocols were used to screen breeding lines and cultivars for resistance. For CBR, two seeds of a genotype were planted in a “cone-tainer” filled with a planting medium artificially infested with 25 microsclerotia of C. parasiticum per g of medium. After approximately 8 wk, the roots were washed and rated for degree of decay on a 0–5 proportional scale (0  =  no decay to 5  =  completely decayed). For Sclerotinia blight, plants were inoculated at 6 wk after planting by pushing a plug of potato dextrose agar (PDA) colonized by S. minor and protected from desiccation in a BEEM embedding capsule onto a freshly cut petiole on the main stem of the plant. Inoculated plants were placed in a mist chamber to maintain the high humidity necessary for infection. Lesion lengths were measured 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after inoculation, and areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) were calculated. All tests were conducted as incomplete block designs with six replications for CBR tests and four replications for Sclerotinia blight tests. Adjusted entry means were computed from each year's tests and used in summary analyses. Of the 125 breeding lines and checks tested at least once from 2003 through 2006, 51 were tested in at least two years, 34 in at least three years, and 15 lines were tested in all four years. Of the 15 lines tested in all four years, registered germplasm line N96076L had the lowest AUDPC for Sclerotinia blight (58 mm days), but had the greatest CBR root decay score (4.1 decay rating units). Several closely related breeding lines descended from a cross of N96076L and NC 12C were not significantly different from the most resistant line for either disease with scores ranging from 2.2–3.0 decay rating units for CBR and 63–99 mm days for Sclerotinia blight. Correlations of multiple-year greenhouse assay means with field disease incidence means were 0.83 for CBR and 0.35 for Sclerotinia blight. The greenhouse assay for CBR was a reasonably good predictor of field performance, but the assay for Sclerotinia blight was less reliable as a predictor.

Characterization of ICRISAT Peanut Mini-Core Accessions with Regards to a Molecular Marker Associated with Resistance to Sclerotinia Blight

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Mini Core Collection ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight

ABSTRACT Cultivated peanut, the second most economically important legume crop throughout the United States and the third most important oilseed in the world, is consistently threatened by various diseases and pests. Sclerotinia minor Jagger (S. minor), the causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, is a major threat to peanut production in the Southwestern U.S., Virginia, and North Carolina and can reduce yield by up to 50% in severely infested fields. Although host plant resistance would provide the most effective solution to managing Sclerotinia blight, limited sources of resistance to the disease are available for use in breeding programs. Peanut germplasm collections are available for exploration and identification of new sources of resistance, but traditionally the process is lengthy, requiring years of field testing before those potential sources can be identified. Molecular markers associated with phenotypic traits can speed up the screening of germplasm accessions. The objective of this study was to characterize the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) mini-core collection with regards to a molecular marker associated with Sclerotinia blight resistance. One hundred twenty-four (124) accessions from the collection were available and genotyped using the SSR marker and 67 were identified as potential new sources of resistance and targeted for further evaluation in field tests for Sclerotinia blight resistance.

scholarly journals Sclerotinia Blight Resistance in Virginia-Type Peanut Transformed with a Barley Oxalate Oxidase Gene

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 786-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Partridge-Telenko ◽  
J. Hu ◽  
D. M. Livingstone ◽  
B. B. Shew ◽  
P. M. Phipps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalate Oxidase ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Disease Progress Curve ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
High Level ◽  
Transgenic Peanut

Transgenic peanut lines expressing oxalate oxidase, a novel enzyme to peanut, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia blight in naturally infested fields over a 5-year period. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for transgenic lines in single rows planted with seed from single-plant selections averaged 78, 83, and 90% lower than nontransgenic parents in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. In addition, AUDPC in 14 transgenic lines planted with bulked seed in two-row plots averaged 81% lower compared with nontransgenic parents in 2005 and 86% lower in 16 transgenic lines in 2006. Six transgenic lines yielded 488 to 1,260 kg/ha greater than nontransgenic parents in 2005, and 10 lines yielded 537 to 2,490 kg/ha greater in 2006. Fluazinam (0.58 kg a.i./ha) fungicide sprays in 2008 and 2009 reduced AUDPC in transgenic and nontransgenic lines but AUDPC was lowest in transgenic lines. Without fluazinam, yields of transgenic lines averaged 1,133 to 1,578 kg/ha greater than nontransgenic lines in 2008 and 1,670 to 2,755 kg/ha greater in 2009. These results demonstrated that the insertion of barley oxalate oxidase in peanut conveyed a high level of resistance to Sclerotinia blight, and negated the need for costly fungicide sprays.

Flavor Profiles of Wild Species-Derived Peanut Breeding Lines

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
H. E. Pattee ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Important Quality

Abstract Several diploid wild species of the genus Arachis L. have been used as sources of resistance to common diseases of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Because flavor is among the most important quality attributes for commercial acceptance of roasted peanuts, sensory attributes of interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines were evaluated to determine if transfer of disease resistance from wild species is associated with concomitant changes in flavor. Sixteen interspecific hybrid derivatives with five diploid species in their ancestries and the commercial flavor standard, NC 7 were evaluated for sensory quality. Significant variation among entries was found for the roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter sensory attributes, but not for the overall contrast between NC 7 and the wild species-derived breeding lines. The variation was either between two groups of wild species-derived breeding lines or within one or both groups. Introduction of disease and pest resistance traits from Arachis species did not result in degradation or improvement of the flavor profile. This suggests that flavor of wild species-derived germplasm will not prevent its use either as parents in peanut breeding programs or as cultivars.

scholarly journals Novel Source of Biotic Stress Resistance Identified from Brassica Species and its Wild Relatives

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Rashmi Yadav ◽  
J. Nanjundan ◽  
Ashish K. Gupta ◽  
Mahesh Rao ◽  
Jameel Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Alternaria Blight ◽  
White Rust

In rapeseed and mustard, the major diseases (downy mildew, white rust, Alternaria blight and Sclerotinia stem rot) cause 37–47%loss in pod formation and 17–54% reduction in grain yield. The identification of new sources of resistance is a high priority in breeding programs. About 3000 germplasm accessions of Indian mustard were evaluated under multiple environments (3 seasons) at hot spots (4 locations) and under artificial epiphytophic conditions against insect pests and diseases (aphids, white rust, powdery mildew and Alternaria blight). Accessions IC265495, IC313380, EC766091, EC766133, EC766134, EC766192, EC766230, EC766272 were identified as highly resistant to white rust (A. candida) with disease severity reaction (Percent disease severity Index, PDI = 0) under artificial inoculation. Accession RDV 29 showed the inheritance of resistant source for powdery mildew in Indian mustard. Screening of brassica wild relatives (about 25 species) for white rust found that Brassica fruticulosa, Brassica tournefortii, Camelina sativa, Diplotaxis assurgens, D. catholica, D. cretacia, D. Erucoides, D. Muralis, Lepidium sativum had highly resistance (PDI = 0) to Delhi isolates of white rust. Several traits identified from cultivated and related species will be useful for genetic improvement of rapeseed and mustard.

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