Matching Household Life-Cycle Characteristics to Clustered Annual Schedules of Long-Distance and Overnight Travel

2016 ◽  
Vol 2594 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. LaMondia ◽  
Michael Moore ◽  
Lisa Aultman-Hall
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Household Life Cycle

The illustrated life cycle of Microbotryum on the host plant Silene latifolia

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 875-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Maria Schäfer ◽  
Martin Kemler ◽  
Robert Bauer ◽  
Dominik Begerow
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Silene Latifolia ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The plant-parasitic genus Microbotryum (Pucciniomycotina) has been used as a model for various biological studies, but fundamental aspects of its life history have not been documented in detail. The smut fungus is characterized by a dimorphic life cycle with a haploid saprophytic yeast-like stage and a dikaryotic plant-parasitic stage, which bears the teliospores as dispersal agents. In this study, seedlings and flowers of Silene latifolia Poir. (Caryophyllaceae) were inoculated with teliospores or sporidial cells of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae (DC. ex Liro) G. Deml & Oberw. and the germination of teliospores, the infection process, and the proliferation in the host tissue were documented in vivo using light and electron microscopy. Although germination of the teliospore is crucial for the establishment of Microbotryum, basidium development is variable under natural conditions. In flowers, where the amount of nutrients is thought to be high, the fungus propagates as sporidia, and mating of compatible cells takes place only when flowers are withering and nutrients are decreasing. On cotyledons (i.e., nutrient-depleted conditions), conjugation occurs shortly after teliospore germination, often via intrapromycelial mating. After formation of an infectious hypha with an appressorium, the invasion of the host occurs by direct penetration of the epidermis. While the growth in the plant is typically intercellular, long distance proliferation seems mediated through xylem tracheary elements. At the beginning of the vegetation period, fungal cells were found between meristematic shoot host cells, indicating a dormant phase inside the plant. By using different microscopy techniques, many life stages of Microbotryum are illustrated for the first time, thereby allowing new interpretations of laboratory data.

scholarly journals Man-made habitats - hotspots of evolutionary game between grass, fungus and fly

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Lembicz ◽  
Paweł Olejniczak ◽  
Ziemowit Olszanowski ◽  
Karolina Górzyńska ◽  
Adrian Leuchtmann
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Puccinellia Distans ◽  
New Man ◽  
Epichloë Typhina ◽  
Vegetative Season

Man-made habitats - hotspots of evolutionary game between grass, fungus and flyThe origin and effects of an evolutionary game between species from three different kingdoms (plants, fungi and animals) are presented. We provide scientific evidence that the interaction discovered in man-made habitats leads to an early stage of coevolution. The grassPuccinellia distanswas observed to rapidly spread in new man-made habitats, while at the same time, it was colonised by the fungusEpichloë typhina.The invasion of infected grasses is accompanied by alterations in life histories of both species:P. distansdeveloped features promoting long-distance spreading, whereasE. typhinachanged its life cycle by forming sexual structures for the second time, later in the vegetative season. This enables the fungus to make use of the late shoots of the grass for sexual reproduction, even though it cannot be completed because the vector of spermatia necessary for fertilisation, femaleBotanophilaflies, is not present at that time. This indicates that such uncoordinated evolutionary processes had taken place before interactions between organisms became so specialised that it is difficult to presume they were the result of natural selection. Moreover, these processes could have been initiated in man-made habitats that, in particular circumstances, can become coevolutionary hotspots.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Costing and Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Fuel Production by Coprocessing Biomass in Crude Oil Refineries

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4664
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Cruz ◽  
Diego Iribarren ◽  
Javier Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Life Cycle Costing ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Life Cycle Approach ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Efficiency Assessment

Biobased liquid fuels are becoming an attractive alternative to replace, totally or partially, fossil ones in the medium term, mainly in aviation and long-distance transportation. In this regard, coprocessing biomass-derived feedstocks in conventional oil refineries might facilitate the transition from the current fossil-based transport to a biobased one. This article addresses the economic and environmental feasibility of such a coprocessing strategy. The biomass-based feedstocks considered include bio-oil and char from the fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, which are coprocessed in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrocracking, and/or cogasification units. The assessment was based on the standardized concept of eco-efficiency, which relates the environmental and economic performances of a system following a life-cycle approach. Data from a complete simulation of the refinery process, from raw materials to products, were used to perform a life cycle costing and eco-efficiency assessment of alternative configurations of the coprocessing strategy, which were benchmarked against the conventional fossil refinery system. Among other relevant results, the eco-efficiency related to the system’s carbon footprint was found to improve when considering coprocessing in the hydrocracking unit, while coprocessing in FCC generally worsens the eco-efficiency score. Overall, it is concluded that coprocessing biomass-based feedstock in conventional crude oil refineries could be an eco-efficient energy solution, which requires a careful choice of the units where biofeedstock is fed.

Household Life-Cycle Change in the Urban Council Housing Sector, 1971–81

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
R G Ford ◽  
G C Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
British Council ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns ◽  
Household Life Cycle ◽  
Council Housing

Significant sociospatial changes have recently taken place within the British council housing sector. In this paper the evolution of life-cycle patterns on Birmingham council estates between 1971 and 1981 is investigated. An analysis of household life-cycle characteristics on 10 representative study estates is carried out using relevant census data. A more detailed examination of change within one of these estates is also conducted. Although household ageing in situ is identified as the primary process, the findings also indicate notable decreases in families with children on those inner-city and suburban estates whose dwelling stocks include high proportions of flats. Such decreases are consistent with recent shifts in local authority policies of housing allocation.

scholarly journals Yellow Rust (Puccinia striiformis): a Serious Threat to Wheat Production Worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siham KHANFRI ◽  
Mohammed BOULIF ◽  
Rachid LAHLALI
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
The World

Wheat (Triticum sp. L.), as one of the first domesticated food crops, is the basic staple food for a large segment of population around the world. The crop though is susceptible to many fungal pathogens. Stripe rust is an important airborne disease caused by Puccinia striiformis (Pst) and is widespread wherever wheat is cultivated throughout the world, in temperate-cool and wet environments. The causal fungus of stripe rust or yellow rust is an obligate parasite that requires another living host to complete its life cycle. Pst includes five types of spores in the life cycle on two distinct hosts. Stripe rust is distinguished from other rusts by the dusty yellow lesions that grow systemically in the form of streaks between veins and on leaf sheaths. The importance and occurrence of stripe rust disease varies in cultivated wheat, depending on environmental conditions (moisture, temperature, and wind), inoculum levels and susceptible host varieties. Transcaucasia was previously thought to be the center of origin for the pathogen. However, new findings further underlined Himalayan and near-Himalayan regions as center of diversity and a more tenable center of origin for P. striiformis. Long-distance dispersal of stripe rust pathogen in the air and occasionally by human activities enables Pst to spread to new geographical areas. This disease affects quality and yield of wheat crop. Early seeding, foliar fungicide application and cultivation of resistant varieties are the main strategies for its control. The emergence of new races of Pst with high epidemic potential which can adapt to warmer temperatures has expanded virulence profiles. Subsequently, races are more aggressive than those previously characterized. These findings emphasize the need for more breeding efforts of resistant varieties and reinforcement of other management practices to prevent and overcome stripe rust epidemic around the world.

Swedish Migration and Social Mobility: The Tale of Three Cities

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sune Åkerman
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
International Research ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Triggering Mechanism ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Upward Social Mobility

Migration, social mobility, and social change are questions that have aroused animated international research debate during recent years. Throughout this discussion, migration often is found to be the triggering mechanism for upward social mobility and social change in the life cycle of individuals. The connection between long-distance migration and social progress in an expanding labor market is thus an important one. In American investigations, a significant amount of social mobility, both upward and downward, has been registered between roughly defined strata in the society. With a corresponding social structure in three Swedish cities investigated in the so-called “Three City Study,” almost the same results are evident.

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