Household Life-Cycle Change in the Urban Council Housing Sector, 1971–81

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
R G Ford ◽  
G C Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
British Council ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns ◽  
Household Life Cycle ◽  
Council Housing

Significant sociospatial changes have recently taken place within the British council housing sector. In this paper the evolution of life-cycle patterns on Birmingham council estates between 1971 and 1981 is investigated. An analysis of household life-cycle characteristics on 10 representative study estates is carried out using relevant census data. A more detailed examination of change within one of these estates is also conducted. Although household ageing in situ is identified as the primary process, the findings also indicate notable decreases in families with children on those inner-city and suburban estates whose dwelling stocks include high proportions of flats. Such decreases are consistent with recent shifts in local authority policies of housing allocation.

Working Class Debt in the Late Nineteenth Century United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elyce Rotella ◽  
George Alter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Distress ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Nineteenth Century United States ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns ◽  
Near Future

Children's wages played a central role in family economic strategies in the late nineteenth century. The family budgets collected by the U.S. Commissioner of Labor in 1889-1890 show that life-cycle patterns of savings and debt varied by industry depending upon incomes from children. The consumption patterns of families whose expenditures exceeded their incomes do not show signs of economic distress, and most families whose annual budget was in deficit could expect larger contributions from children in the near future. These patterns suggest that families used borrowing and saving to smooth consumption over the life-cycle as the earning capacity of the family changed.

scholarly journals Life cycle patterns of cognitive performance over the long run

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (44) ◽  
pp. 27255-27261
Author(s):  
Anthony Strittmatter ◽  
Uwe Sunde ◽  
Dainis Zegners
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Cycle Performance ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns ◽  
Over Time

Little is known about how the age pattern in individual performance in cognitively demanding tasks changed over the past century. The main difficulty for measuring such life cycle performance patterns and their dynamics over time is related to the construction of a reliable measure that is comparable across individuals and over time and not affected by changes in technology or other environmental factors. This study presents evidence for the dynamics of life cycle patterns of cognitive performance over the past 125 y based on an analysis of data from professional chess tournaments. Individual move-by-move performance in more than 24,000 games is evaluated relative to an objective benchmark that is based on the respective optimal move suggested by a chess engine. This provides a precise and comparable measurement of individual performance for the same individual at different ages over long periods of time, exploiting the advantage of a strictly comparable task and a comparison with an identical performance benchmark. Repeated observations for the same individuals allow disentangling age patterns from idiosyncratic variation and analyzing how age patterns change over time and across birth cohorts. The findings document a hump-shaped performance profile over the life cycle and a long-run shift in the profile toward younger ages that is associated with cohort effects rather than period effects. This shift can be rationalized by greater experience, which is potentially a consequence of changes in education and training facilities related to digitization.

LEARNING AND LIFE CYCLE PATTERNS OF OCCUPATIONAL TRANSITIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 905-937
Author(s):  
Aspen Gorry ◽  
Devon Gorry ◽  
Nicholas Trachter
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Occupational Transitions ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns
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