Potentials of Online Media and Location-Based Big Data for Urban Transit Networks in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2537 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Lantz ◽  
Sakib Khan ◽  
Linh B. Ngo ◽  
Mashrur Chowdhury ◽  
Sarah Donaher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Urban Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Networks ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Bus Networks ◽  
The Right

Big data, collected in the form of social media posts and mobile phone location tracking, have great potential to inform and manage the planning and operation of transit networks in developing countries. Data are widely available, but the challenge, as with developed countries, is figuring out how best to use it. A case study method was used to consider approaches in Nairobi, Kenya; Istanbul, Turkey; and Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Nairobi, GPS location data were collected to generate the first map of the complex Matatu transit network. In Istanbul, automated fare collection systems were processed to understand better the usage of a bus rapid transit system. In Dhaka, researchers were collecting GPS positioning data to manage the city bus networks. Residents of these developing cities were frequent users of online media, as in many cities in the developing countries. This study revealed that integration of online media with location-based data provided a big data scenario that had the potential for supporting transit operations while posing challenges to the management of data mobility. It is not realistic to apply a one-size-fits-all approach to any problem in the developing world, but together the case studies show that with the right approach, technical capacity in transitional cities has the potential to grow to support higher-level data processing and make more efficient and more sustainable policy decisions for crucial urban transit networks in developing countries.

Labour Observatories for Agricultural Policymaking and Sustainable Development

2014 ◽  
pp. 56-63
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
The Right

Assimilation of relevant information within a labour observatory is a key to success of an observatory. Management of such relevant information and its dissemination to the right audience at the right time is also important. In this regard, a labour observatory plays a very important role for successful operationalization of agricultural policies within developing countries. Historical information regarding soil, crop varieties, agricultural practices, and skill of agricultural labourers needs to be maintained by a labour observatory. Information from the observatory has to be communicated to policy makers for making a pragmatic decision in developing countries with large agriculturally dependent populations. These decisions can impact the lives of this population and can impact the sustainable development of these countries. Initiatives related to labour observatory started more than a decade back in developed countries. It has now begun in parts of Africa, too. The chapter highlights these developments and contextualizes the association between these observatories, agricultural policymaking, and sustainable development.

scholarly journals ORGANIZED ECOLABELLING: NORTH-SOUTH IMPLEMENTATION OF “KICKING AWAY THE LADDER” (CASE: PALM OIL TRADE BETWEEN INDONESIA AND EUROPE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanda Kartika Ayu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Southern State ◽  
The North ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

Liberalization is one of the theis that is expected to be able to answer the acceleration and development of the economy of developing countries. One element of liberalization is market openness that will make developing countries unite with global markets both in accepting investments or trading in exports and imports. However, along with the development of technology, the demand for the North (developed countries) in carrying out its trade began to implement an "ecolabelling" policy. For developing countries with all their industrial capabilities, ecolabelling policy is the same as the non-tarrif limitation policy given by developed countries to developing countries. So that this paper will focus on the application of the ecolabelling policy provided by the North to products that will enter the northern market, as one of the efforts of the northern countries to apply "kicking away the ladder", assuming the Southern state does not get a balanced trade surplus with the north and continues to be a developing country. This writing will use a structuralist approach that concentrates on the international structure of the north and south to describe the relationship between developed and developing countries, and uses the concept of "kicking away the ladder" to answer the situation from the implementation of ecolabelling policies for South countries. The author uses qualitative studies using literature review sources through books, journals and online media. Keywords: Ecolabelling, Kicking away the ladder.  North-South relations

scholarly journals The TRIPS Article 31 Tug of War Developing Country Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Patents and Developed Country Retaliation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Volman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Restrictive Measures

My dissertation examines compulsory licensing under Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement by looking at the use of such licensing by developing countries, as well as retaliatory and restrictive measures imposed by developed countries. In doing so, it looks at the right to health, and price and intellectual property considerations for access to medicines in developing countries. It further explores the TRIPS compulsory licensing rules themselves to present compulsory licensing as a legitimate, and at times necessary, policy measure under international law. Then, it examines how compulsory licensing has been used and restricted since TRIPS, and how the compulsory licence relates to voluntary licensing and international free trade agreements, both of which are factors for the development of compulsory licensing strategies in developing countries.

scholarly journals Matching Students’ Dominant Intelligences with their Fields of Specialization: Did Students Select the Right Specialization?

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-73
Author(s):  
Faten Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Advocacy Organizations ◽  
Academic Organizations ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
Comprehensive Reference

Accreditation is a fundamental part in primary healthcare (PHC) systems. The purpose behind this paper is to review the literature and track down the most appropriate PHC accreditation models and norms, around the world, and to set up a complete and fair outline from looking at these models. Finding that it is less likely to be independent, and more likely to be associated with government for the accreditation programs in developing countries, where they are distinguishable from those of developed countries, the differences between countries and agencies relate to the inclusion of patients/users, managers, patient or advocacy organizations, academic organizations and professional colleges. This review has identified that the most potential comprehensive reference program or model for the development of nation accreditation programs is the JCAHO program.

scholarly journals Trends in innovation activities in manufacturing industries across development echelons

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Abdullah M. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Patent Application ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Level Data

<p>This empirical paper explores trends in innovation activities measured by a countries’ total patent application submission intensity relative to its population, and by analyzing U.S. granted patents data for cohorts of developed countries and developing countries. In addition to tabular and graphical analyses, I use a baseline regression model and a variant model thereof to assess the relative influence of a set of aggregate variables on innovation activities in eight manufacturing industries across two cohorts of countries (developed and developing) where each cohort contains eight individual countries. Eight industries included in this study are: Chemical, Petroleum, electrical and electronics equipment, machinery, pharmaceutical, plastic, computer, and textile. The cohort of developed countries includes Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United States. The cohort of developing countries includes Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey. Per regression results, ethnic diversity is a statistically significant positive determinant of innovation for all industry aggregate patent count for both high income and developing countries. Also, per capita electricity usage, R&amp;D expenditure as percent of GDP, and percent of population with internet access are three positive factors of innovation irrespective of industrial subsectors and position of a country in the development echelon. Interestingly, impact of ICT-services export is statistically significant and innovation boosting in developing countries in the cohort relative to countries in the cohort of developed countries. It also appears that trade openness served as a stronger stimulant of innovation activities for developing countries’ but not as much for the cohort of developed or high-income countries. This paper attempts to extend the literature on cross-country comparison of innovation activities by using two measures of innovation activities across developed and developing countries, and by analyzing both aggregate and sector-level data for eight manufacturing industries both graphically and utilizing panel regression models.  </p>

The last mile: earthquake risk mitigation assistance in developing countries

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1845) ◽  
pp. 2183-2189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haresh C Shah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
The Right ◽  
Earthquake Risk Mitigation

Over the past few decades, we have seen many joint programmes between developed countries and developing countries to help the latter in managing their earthquake risks. These programmes span the whole spectrum of disciplines from seismology and geology to engineering, social science and economics. Many of these programmes have been effective in raising awareness, in urging governments to work towards risk reduction and in spawning an ‘industry’ of disaster management in many of the developing countries. However, even as these efforts proceed, we have seen death and destruction due to earthquake after earthquake in developing countries, strongly suggesting that the problems for which those assistance programmes were developed are not so effective. Therefore, it is natural to ask why this is happening. Are the assistance programmes reaching the right people? Maybe we are reaching the right people and doing the right type of things in these countries, but we have not allowed enough time for our actions to take effect. Maybe we are reaching the right people and doing the right actions for most of the miles we need to cover in helping communities mitigate their earthquake risks. However, the issue could be whether we are reaching people who represent the ‘last mile’ on this pathway. Here, I explore whether the work that many organizations and countries have done towards earthquake risk reduction over the past few decades in developing countries is appropriate or not. Why do we keep seeing the catastrophes of Sumatra, Chi Chi, Bhuj, Turkey, Algeria and on and on? I will articulate what I think is the problem. My contribution is intended to generate discussions, self-analysis of our approaches, what we are doing right and what we are not doing right. Hopefully such discussions will result in a better connection between the last mile and programmes around the world which are working towards earthquake risk mitigation.

CLASSIFICATION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY

2017 ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Iu. Khvatov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The basic principles that guide the United Nations to allocate specific groups of countries requiring special attention from the international community to the problems of their sustainable development are described. The difference in the scale and structure of aid to the least developed countries; landlocked developing countries; small island developing countries and heavily indebted poor countries is analyzed. The specificity of the approach of the World Trade Organization to the definition of countries with preferential access to the markets and the countries with differential treatment regime is revealed. The criteria that guided the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to identify those developing countries which have the right of access to preferential lending conditions are analyzed. It is proposed to divide all the developing countries on: high-income emerging economies; middle-income frontier economies and least developed countries.

The Harms of Trade III

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Prospects

This chapter concludes our enquiry into the harms of trade. It addresses the ethical implications of the fact that trade can harm individuals by destroying jobs and undermining cultural distinctiveness. It argues that, under certain conditions, concerns about socio-economic losses and cultural degradation can justify trade restrictions. However, it also argues that developed countries may restrict trade only on the condition that the restrictions they impose do not reduce the development prospects of poor countries. Towards the end of the chapter, the right of developing countries to restrict trade with developed countries is defended.

L’obligation alimentaire des pays en développement à l’égard de leurs populations: la normativité du mécanisme de développement durable

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 61-118
Author(s):  
Pierre-François Mercure
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Third ◽  
Développement Durable ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Third World ◽  
To Receive

SummaryThe traditional legal process has been inefficient in ensuring the right to receive food in developing countries, thereby preventing the estalishment of true food security in the Third World. This situation is largely due to developed countries giving priority to their own economic interests to the detriment of the hunger problem and of the already weak negotiating power of developing countries regarding any agreement reached on this issue. The mechanism for sustainable development does, however, offer new possibilities to developing countries. The cooperation and assistance duties imposed on states under international agreements on food entitlement compel developing countries to use that mechanism to promote their interests regarding the supply of food.

scholarly journals Environmental Challenges of Digital Transformation in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Data Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Ict Adoption

This rapid review synthesises the literature on the environmental risks of four different aspects of digital transformation in developing countries: ICT adoption, digitally-enabled energy efficiency, ride-hailing apps, and big data use. The overall message which runs throughout the diverse literatures and results is that it is not digital technologies that create environmental risks or opportunities, but how they are used. Efficiency gains derived from digital transformation may yet lead developing countries down existing unsustainable development paths if not accompanied by careful, context-dependent policy. For policy-makers seeking to mitigate environmental risks, this means putting the context of digital use at the centre of analysis rather than the technologies themselves. However, the research literature covers more specific aspects of digital transformation. In practice, this report defines digital transformation as: ICT adoption, digitally-enabled energy efficiency, ride-hailing apps, and big data use. These topics were chosen after an initial scoping review of available literature, and because they exemplify a range of the different types of potential digital effects. The literature on the environmental risks of digital transformation is huge and conflicting. This is problematic because it could be easy to cherry pick preferred research results. Several studies noted that there is less research on developing countries than developed countries, but the evidence base is still large. As an evidence review, this report focused on the academic literature, but there is also a large grey literature. Some of the literature has a gender aspect, not covered in this report.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document