The last mile: earthquake risk mitigation assistance in developing countries

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1845) ◽  
pp. 2183-2189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haresh C Shah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
The Right ◽  
Earthquake Risk Mitigation

Over the past few decades, we have seen many joint programmes between developed countries and developing countries to help the latter in managing their earthquake risks. These programmes span the whole spectrum of disciplines from seismology and geology to engineering, social science and economics. Many of these programmes have been effective in raising awareness, in urging governments to work towards risk reduction and in spawning an ‘industry’ of disaster management in many of the developing countries. However, even as these efforts proceed, we have seen death and destruction due to earthquake after earthquake in developing countries, strongly suggesting that the problems for which those assistance programmes were developed are not so effective. Therefore, it is natural to ask why this is happening. Are the assistance programmes reaching the right people? Maybe we are reaching the right people and doing the right type of things in these countries, but we have not allowed enough time for our actions to take effect. Maybe we are reaching the right people and doing the right actions for most of the miles we need to cover in helping communities mitigate their earthquake risks. However, the issue could be whether we are reaching people who represent the ‘last mile’ on this pathway. Here, I explore whether the work that many organizations and countries have done towards earthquake risk reduction over the past few decades in developing countries is appropriate or not. Why do we keep seeing the catastrophes of Sumatra, Chi Chi, Bhuj, Turkey, Algeria and on and on? I will articulate what I think is the problem. My contribution is intended to generate discussions, self-analysis of our approaches, what we are doing right and what we are not doing right. Hopefully such discussions will result in a better connection between the last mile and programmes around the world which are working towards earthquake risk mitigation.

UNEMPLOYMENT AS A SIGN OF INSTABILITY IN SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Р. Х. Азиева ◽  
Х. Э. Таймасханов
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

В современном мировом пространстве политика государств сопряжена с решением такой глобальной проблемы, как безработица. За последние три десятилетия безработица стала одной из наиболее значимых проблем не только в развивающихся, но и в развитых странах, так как безработица приводит к массовой нищете и угрожает социальной и политической стабильности. В статье представлены масштабы изменений в сфере занятости в условиях неопределенности и дана оценка влияния происходящих процессов на изменения структуры занятости. А также авторами представлены рекомендации по стабилизации рынка труда для недопущения высокого уровня безработицы и падения уровня жизни населения. In the modern world space, the policy of states is associated with the solution of such a global problem as unemployment. Over the past three decades, unemployment has become one of the most significant problems, not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries, as unemployment leads to mass poverty and threatens social and political stability. The article presents the scale of changes in the field of employment in conditions of uncertainty and assesses the impact of the processes on changes in the structure of employment. The authors also present recommendations for stabilizing the labor market to prevent high unemployment and falling living standards of the population.

Labour Observatories for Agricultural Policymaking and Sustainable Development

2014 ◽  
pp. 56-63
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
The Right

Assimilation of relevant information within a labour observatory is a key to success of an observatory. Management of such relevant information and its dissemination to the right audience at the right time is also important. In this regard, a labour observatory plays a very important role for successful operationalization of agricultural policies within developing countries. Historical information regarding soil, crop varieties, agricultural practices, and skill of agricultural labourers needs to be maintained by a labour observatory. Information from the observatory has to be communicated to policy makers for making a pragmatic decision in developing countries with large agriculturally dependent populations. These decisions can impact the lives of this population and can impact the sustainable development of these countries. Initiatives related to labour observatory started more than a decade back in developed countries. It has now begun in parts of Africa, too. The chapter highlights these developments and contextualizes the association between these observatories, agricultural policymaking, and sustainable development.

scholarly journals The impact of maternal obesity on maternal and fetal outcome

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Esther Kamalarani A. ◽  
Ramyajothi . ◽  
Ramalakshmi S.
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact

Background: Obesity continues to be a global health concern. Although the increasing obesity rates in developed countries has slowed down in the past 10 years, obesity rates in developing countries continue to increase, as much as three times in some developing countries over the past 30 years. The aim of the study was to determine the adverse effects of obesity in pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcome.Methods: In all patients, a detailed history was taken and examinations and investigations were carried out.  Based on BMI (body mass index), patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 = patients with BMI >30 kg/m2 and Group 2 = patients with BMI <30 kg /m2.Results: In our study, comparing pregnant mothers with BMI >30 kg/m2 and normal BMI, authors found that the prevalence of maternal and fetal complications was higher in the obese group. Prevalence of antenatal complications like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, imminent eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus requiring control with insulin was higher in obese women.Conclusions: Obesity is associated with increased adverse effects on pregnancy and its outcome.

Public Support For Earthquake Risk Mitigation In Portland, Oregon

Risk Analysis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Flynn ◽  
Paul Slovic ◽  
C. K. Mertz ◽  
Cathie Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Earthquake Risk Mitigation

scholarly journals When Developing Countries Meet Transnational Universities: Searching for Complementarity and Dealing With Dual Embeddedness

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Guimón ◽  
Rajneesh Narula
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Branch Campuses ◽  
International Branch Campuses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foreign Universities

During the past two decades, a growing number of universities, mainly from developed countries, have established branch campuses in developing countries. From the developing country perspective, attracting foreign universities can help mitigate financial constraints and capacity shortages that impair the state’s ability to provide greater access to higher education, while also improving teaching and research in general. However, foreign universities may also be detrimental if they crowd out their domestic counterparts. We explore different scenarios and policy options for developing countries aiming to attract foreign universities, building upon a review of four case studies from Chile, China, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia. Our analysis illustrates how host countries can provide incentives to align incoming foreign universities to complement and strengthen the areas of weakness in their higher education systems. We also reflect on how policy-makers can deal with the challenges associated with the dual embeddedness of international branch campuses.

Non-engineered construction in developing countries

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand S. ARYA
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Seismic Retrofitting ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earthquake Resistant

The paper first discusses some issues in regard to earthquake risk reduction of Non-engineered buildings, such as: Earthquake risk in developing countries and its management, the IDNDR - Yokoyama message emphasising on pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness, earthquake damage reduction initiatives taken such as preparation of building codes and guidelines and disaster mitigation for sustainable development. Then, the major causes of severe damage observed in non-engineered buildings in the past earthquakes are presently briefly and critical elements to be incorporated in new constructions are highlighted. Methodology for seismic retrofitting of stone houses developed, implemented and verified by the author in the field is introduced. Next, costs and benefits of earthquake prevention measures are indicated. Finally a practically feasible and economically viable scheme of earthquake resistant new building construction and seismic-retrofitting of existing unsafe buildings is outlined.

Potentials of Online Media and Location-Based Big Data for Urban Transit Networks in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2537 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Lantz ◽  
Sakib Khan ◽  
Linh B. Ngo ◽  
Mashrur Chowdhury ◽  
Sarah Donaher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Urban Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Networks ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Bus Networks ◽  
The Right

Big data, collected in the form of social media posts and mobile phone location tracking, have great potential to inform and manage the planning and operation of transit networks in developing countries. Data are widely available, but the challenge, as with developed countries, is figuring out how best to use it. A case study method was used to consider approaches in Nairobi, Kenya; Istanbul, Turkey; and Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Nairobi, GPS location data were collected to generate the first map of the complex Matatu transit network. In Istanbul, automated fare collection systems were processed to understand better the usage of a bus rapid transit system. In Dhaka, researchers were collecting GPS positioning data to manage the city bus networks. Residents of these developing cities were frequent users of online media, as in many cities in the developing countries. This study revealed that integration of online media with location-based data provided a big data scenario that had the potential for supporting transit operations while posing challenges to the management of data mobility. It is not realistic to apply a one-size-fits-all approach to any problem in the developing world, but together the case studies show that with the right approach, technical capacity in transitional cities has the potential to grow to support higher-level data processing and make more efficient and more sustainable policy decisions for crucial urban transit networks in developing countries.

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