Urban Rail Development in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 2275 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Salzberg ◽  
Shomik Mehndiratta ◽  
Zhi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Rail Systems ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Metro Systems ◽  
The City

This paper provides an overview of the recent development of urban rail systems in Chinese cites and the challenges ahead. China is set to become the world leader in length of metro lines in operation in the near to medium term. In view of the large scale of this investment, a focus on the overall economic and financial viability of these systems is needed. On the basis of analytical work supporting a project investment in the city of Kunming and a study tour of urban rail systems in China, this paper highlights four areas believed to be crucial in meeting these objectives: integration of new metro systems with existing systems of public transport, a supportive overall urban transport policy, transit-oriented development, and long-term financial sustainability. The conclusion is that in all of these areas, China possesses tools that may enable the program to succeed if they are used effectively and in concert. Any issues appear to result from a lack of attention to these four areas and from a managerial focus on ensuring the completion of the construction program above all other concerns. The RMB 1 trillion investment in urban rail construction under way in China needs to be a catalyst for joint action on the issues identified in this paper (RMB 1 is approximately US$0.15). Otherwise, Chinese cities may be left with an investment that carries large long-term costs and does not deliver the crucial economic benefits expected.

scholarly journals Quantifying the effects of passenger-level heterogeneity on transit journey times

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramandeep Singh ◽  
Daniel J. Graham ◽  
Richard J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Semiparametric Regression ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Journey Time ◽  
Time Variance ◽  
Assignment Algorithm ◽  
Rail Systems ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Potential Applications

Abstract In this paper, we apply flexible data-driven analysis methods on large-scale mass transit data to identify areas for improvement in the engineering and operation of urban rail systems. Specifically, we use data from automated fare collection (AFC) and automated vehicle location (AVL) systems to obtain a more precise characterisation of the drivers of journey time variance on the London Underground, and thus an improved understanding of delay. Total journey times are decomposed via a probabilistic assignment algorithm, and semiparametric regression is undertaken to disentangle the effects of passenger-specific travel characteristics from network-related factors. For total journey times, we find that network characteristics, primarily train speeds and headways, represent the majority of journey time variance. However, within the typically twice as onerous access and egress time components, passenger-level heterogeneity is more influential. On average, we find that intra-passenger heterogeneity represents 6% and 19% of variance in access and egress times, respectively, and that inter-passenger effects have a similar or greater degree of influence than static network characteristics. The analysis shows that while network-specific characteristics are the primary drivers of journey time variance in absolute terms, a nontrivial proportion of passenger-perceived variance would be influenced by passenger-specific characteristics. The findings have potential applications related to improving the understanding of passenger movements within stations, for example, the analysis can be used to assess the relative way-finding complexity of stations, which can in turn guide transit operators in the targeting of potential interventions.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the Capabilities for the Selection of Strategic Projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8191
Author(s):  
Khalifa Mohammed Al-Sobai ◽  
Shaligram Pokharel ◽  
Galal M. Abdella
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Project Selection ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Strategic Project ◽  
Managerial Capabilities ◽  
Selection Of

Strategic projects are large scale, complex, and require significant investments and resources. These projects aim at gaining long-term social and economic benefits. Therefore, organizations focusing on strategic projects should use a consistent approach that suits their strategy, capability, and long-term expectations. Based on the four research questions and content analysis of the literature, generic processes used for the strategic project selection in tandem with the managerial capabilities are identified in this paper. The generic processes and managerial capabilities are used to develop a generic framework for strategic project selection. The framework is used for literature analysis in the paper. The review shows that both qualitative and quantitative methods are used for strategic project selection. Some possible research directions have also been proposed at the end of the review. The paper provides value to both researchers and practitioners in terms of tools available and a guidance on project selection through a structured process framework.

scholarly journals Dalkurd FF

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (supl) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Tiago Duarte Dias
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Local Institution ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The City ◽  
Do So

As the whole world struggles with the appearance of a large-scale pandemic, individuals and institutions begin to cope with the perspective of both short and long-term changes to their plans. What had been planned out by many during January and February of 2020, no longer became feasible already during the following months. Thus, with the impossibility of knowing for how long this situation will persist, both individuals and institutions have changed their plans with a focus on when the situation will reverse to a degree of normalcy. This article aims to briefly understand and analyses the strategies centered around a Swedish football club founded by Kurdish individuals regarded to the consequences of the coronavirus crisis in the country. Both fans and employees at the club have changed their strategies regarding the first year they would be playing in their new hometown of Uppsala. The author will argue that, although, the crisis has changed their strategy and hampered their plans of becoming a local institution, it has not, in fact, changed their plans to be an integrated part of the city, but it has provided the club with newer opportunities to do so.

scholarly journals Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Grapevine Viruses in Russia

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1080
Author(s):  
Elena Porotikova ◽  
Uliana Terehova ◽  
Vitalii Volodin ◽  
Eugeniya Yurchenko ◽  
Svetlana Vinogradova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Grapevine Virus A ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Krasnodar Region ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Rupestris Stem Pitting

Viral diseases can seriously damage the vineyard productivity and the quality of grape and wine products. Therefore, the study of the species composition and range of grapevine viruses is important for the development and implementation of strategies and tactics to limit their spread and increase the economic benefits of viticulture. In 2014–2019, we carried out a large-scale phytosanitary monitoring of Russian commercial vineyards in the Krasnodar region, Stavropol region and Republic of Crimea. A total of 1857 samples were collected and tested for the presence of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) using RT-PCR. Out of all samples tested, 54.5% were positive for at least one of the viruses (GRSPaV, GVA, GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GFLV, GFkV) in the Stavropol region, 49.8% in the Krasnodar region and 49.5% in the Republic of Crimea. Some plants were found to be infected with several viruses simultaneously. In the Republic of Crimea, for instance, a number of plants were infected with five viruses. In the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Crimea, 4.7% and 3.3% of the samples were predominantly infected with both GFkV and GRSPaV, whereas in the Stavropol region, 6% of the selected samples had both GLRaV-1 and GVA infections. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein genes of the detected viruses and identified the presence of GVA of groups I and IV, GRSPaV of groups BS and SG1, GLRaV-1 of group III, GLRaV-2 of groups PN and H4, GLRaV-3 of groups I and III. The results obtained make it possible to assess the viral load and the distribution of the main grapevine viruses on plantations in the viticultural zones of Russia, emphasizing the urgent need to develop and implement long-term strategies for the control of viral diseases of grapes.

Discursive politics and policy (im)mobility: Metro-TOD policies in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 239965442110292
Author(s):  
Harsh Mittal ◽  
Arpit Shah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Policy ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Argumentative Discourse ◽  
Discursive Politics ◽  
Metro Systems

Large investments in metro systems, supported through a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) regime, have become the preferred policy option to achieve sustainable and inclusive urban mobility in India. In this paper, we examine the particular practices and power relations through which metro-TOD policies have emerged and gained discursive dominance in India’s urban transport policies. We do so by bringing together urban policy mobilities (UPM) and argumentative discourse analysis (ADA) to conceptualize (im)mobility as the intense movement of specific discursive framings to the exclusion of others. Our analysis brings out the crucial role played by Urban Mobility India (UMI), an annual conference organized by the Indian federal government, in the (im)mobility of metro-TOD policies across Indian cities. We contribute to the growing literature on the power-laden nature of policy circulation in the Global South and address concerns regarding lack of analytical attention to marginalized policy pathways and immobile elements of mobile policies in UPM literature. We argue that policy mobility scholars can move beyond the analytical binaries of mobile/immobile policies by drawing upon the concepts of ADA which allow close examination of the discursive politics at play in policy related conferences. By studying the intra-national (im)mobility of metro-TOD policies in India, we expand the bounds of UPM literature towards a geography that has received limited attention thus far.

scholarly journals Calibrating Path Choices and Train Capacities for Urban Rail Transit Simulation Models Using Smart Card and Train Movement Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baichuan Mo ◽  
Zhenliang Ma ◽  
Haris N. Koutsopoulos ◽  
Jinhua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Urban Rail Transit ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Rail Systems ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Important Input ◽  
Sensitivity Data

Transit network simulation models are often used for performance and retrospective analysis of urban rail systems, taking advantage of the availability of extensive automated fare collection (AFC) and automated vehicle location (AVL) data. Important inputs to such models, in addition to origin-destination flows, include passenger path choices and train capacity. Train capacity, which has often been overlooked in the literature, is an important input that exhibits a lot of variabilities. The paper proposes a simulation-based optimization (SBO) framework to simultaneously calibrate path choices and train capacity for urban rail systems using AFC and AVL data. The calibration is formulated as an optimization problem with a black-box objective function. Seven algorithms from four branches of SBO solving methods are evaluated. The algorithms are evaluated using an experimental design that includes five scenarios, representing different degrees of path choice randomness and crowding sensitivity. Data from the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system is used as a case study. The data is used to generate synthetic observations used as “ground truth.” The results show that the response surface methods (particularly constrained optimization using response surfaces) have consistently good performance under all scenarios. The proposed approach drives large-scale simulation applications for monitoring and planning.

scholarly journals Impacts of Large-Scale Groundwater Exploitation Based on Long-Term Evolution of Hydraulic Heads in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1357
Author(s):  
Mazeda Islam ◽  
Marc Van Van Camp ◽  
Delwar Hossain ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Sarker ◽  
Shahina Khatun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
South Central ◽  
The City

Dhaka city has emerged as the fastest-growing megacity, having more than 20 million inhabitants, with a growth rate of 3.62%. Unplanned and rapid urbanization, coupled with exponential population growth, has significantly altered the groundwater dynamics in Dhaka city. This study concentrates on the evolution of long-term piezometric heads of the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA) and the Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) based on long-term hydrographs, piezometric maps and synthetic graphical overviews of piezometric trends. Due to over-exploitation, the piezometric level (PL) has declined deeper than −85 and −65 m PWD (Public Works Department reference datum) in UDA and MDA, respectively. The highest rate of decline was observed in the south-central to southeastern parts of the city both in UDA (4.0 m/year) and MDA (5.74 m/year). The results clearly show that the rates of decline in PL vary from 2.25 to 5.74 m/year in both aquifers of the city, and urban expansion has greatly affected the shape and extent of the depression cone over the past four decades. The magnitudes of the depression cones in both aquifers seem to pose a considerable threat to groundwater resources, indicating that the current exploitation is not sustainable at all.

Energy Capital and Opportunity City

2019 ◽  
pp. 242-294
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Pratt ◽  
Martin V. Melosi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
First Century ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Energy Focusing ◽  
Important Center ◽  
The City

Houston began the twentieth century as a small cotton port linked to the Gulf of Mexico by a ship channel. It became an important center of oil production and refining before World War II, a leading producer during the war and its aftermath, and the global capital of energy focusing on technological innovation, refining, and petrochemicals as the world economy globalized. As it grew, the city drew migrants, Anglo- and African-American, from the U.S. South, many from Louisiana, to become a diverse but not simply segregated city. The long-term economic benefits of oil-led development allowed unequal yet shared gains and funded the rise of leading medical centers, sustaining a diversified economy after the 1980s oil bust made it a symbol of a major city built on oil. It expanded employment and improved infrastructure, but economic opportunities and physical growth came with high environmental costs, including health challenges and urban problems ranging from water supply, to pollution, to chronic flooding—as the city grew with a new wave of migration from Mexico into the twenty-first century.

Pollution of Moscow soils with potentially toxic elements: analysis of long-term monitoring data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Kosheleva ◽  
Angela Tsykhman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The City

<p>In megacities, the environment experiences a high anthropogenic press caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial enterprises. Soils are an important component of urban landscapes: they not only accumulate pollutants, but also can be a source of secondary pollution of atmosphere and groundwater. The aim of this work is to analyze the long-term dynamics of soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Moscow, as Moscow is one of the most polluted cities of Russia.</p><p>The basis for assessing the pollution of soils with As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Ni, Mn was the annual monitoring data for 2007-2016, which is obtained by the «Mosecomonitoring» institution and include more than 2000 points of observation. The accumulation of PTEs was characterized by a technogenic concentration factor Kc=Curb/Cb relative to the background Cb, which differed by three physiographic provinces. The total geochemical load on soils was estimated as Zc=∑Kc–(n–1), where n is the number of elements with Kc>1.</p><p>An analysis of the changes in the pollutant content in the soils of Moscow over the decade showed a twofold increase in the accumulation of Cu, Cd, As in the Central District and Cd in the Western and Northwest ones, as well as As in the northeastern part of the city by 1.4–2.3 times. In all districts, a tendency toward a decrease in pollution with Zn, Pb, and Hg was revealed. Compared with 2007, in 2016, the average content of all PTEs in the soils of the city decreased or remained unchanged, except for As.</p><p>The spatial distribution of PTEs in Moscow soils is controlled by the intensity and geochemical specialization of pollution sources, and varies due to soil properties. Central, Eastern, South-Eastern Districts are leading in terms of Cu and Pb pollution. Central and South-Eastern Districts are distinguished by Hg pollution. Central, North-Eastern, South-Eastern, and Southern Districts are most polluted with Zn and Cd. Soils in the southern part of Moscow are most enriched in Ni. High concentrations of As are characterized by soils of light grain-size composition with a high content of organic matter.</p><p>The highest values of the total soil pollution index Zc are characteristic for the Central and South-Eastern Districts, the lowest ones – for the Western and North-Western Districts. Analysis of Zc maps for 2007-2016 showed a decrease in soil pollution. In 2007, uncontaminated soils occupied 35.3% of the city’s area; slightly medium, and heavily polluted – 33%, 22.8% and 9.4% respectively. In 2016, this sequence was as follows: 65%, 22.7%, 11%, and 1.3%. This trend is associated with a decrease in industrial production in Moscow, the removal of harmful industries outside the city and the renovation of enterprises remaining in the capital, as well as with a reduction in emissions from vehicles. Changes in the location of man-made geochemical anomalies in soils reflect leveling in the pollution from vehicles due to the construction of new housing and the large-scale transformation of Moscow regions with a decrease in traffic in the center (Bityukova, Mozgunov, 2019).</p>

scholarly journals Short Analysis of the stakeholders’ benefit and satisfaction about Rural Land Share Cooperatives of the Southern Jiangsu Province

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
◽  
Zhu Xihua ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Scale Economy ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

The agricultural land around Shanghai is famous for its huge population and intensive cultivation. With the expansion of the metropolis, a large number of agricultural people have entered the city to work, and rural land has been abandoned1,2. In 2009, Kunshan City implemented a land transfer system, and 99% of the cultivated land was packaged for large scale farmers, and initially realized large‐scale operation3 . However, the large‐scale business model has gradually experienced problems such as predatory management, ecological destruction, and no sense of social responsibility. Through the establishment of agricultural land share cooperatives, Changyun Village took the lead in realizing the collective management of agricultural land, taking shares in the land, giving priority to paying dividends to the land, and paying wages to the farmers working in the cooperative. The peasants' enthusiasm for entering the city has become an important buffer for the migrants to work in Shanghai and surrounding village.It has increased the employment rate. At the same time, it has supplied green agricultural products to the city, passed on agricultural technology, and activated local communities. This article intends to analyse the correlation between several village share cooperative models based on Changyun Village and the large family farm contracting model of more than ten villages, and the satisfaction of villagers, combined with property rights theory, scale economy theory, and accounting cooperatives. Cost‐benefit, evaluate the effect of “long cloud-style” collectivization on revitalizing the surrounding villages of metropolises and assess the satisfaction of governments at all levels. Through field interviews and questionnaire surveys, the correlation analysis of village cadres and villagers' satisfaction was conducted. The government is optimistic about the role of the "long cloud model" in grassroots management and improvement of people's livelihood. Even if public finances are required to invest a large amount of money, it is necessary to strengthen the medical and social security of the villagers. The government is also quite satisfied with the Changyun model. At present, the economic benefits of the stock cooperatives have steadily increased. Although the growth rate is not large, the villagers have a strong sense of well‐being, and the village's ecological environment has been improved. In the future, the cost of the village will be reduced after the large scale operation, and the overall economic benefits will be improved. The future research direction will be how to solve the specific problems that plague the cooperative's production and operation, such as low rice prices and lack of high value added finishing facilities to continue to activate the surrounding areas of the metropolis and improve the satisfaction of the government and villagers.

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