Effect of Off-Road Equipment on Flexible Pavements

2003 ◽  
Vol 1821 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Sebaaly ◽  
Raj Siddharthan ◽  
Magdy El-Desouky ◽  
Dan Strand ◽  
David Huft
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Load Limit ◽  
Pavement Response ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

The South Dakota Department of Transportation sponsored a study to evaluate the effect of agricultural equipment on flexible pavements. One thin and one thick flexible pavement were instrumented at two locations and tested under agricultural equipment. Each section was instrumented with pressure cells in the base and subgrade, surface deflection gauges, and strain gauges at the bottom of the asphalt layer. Field tests were carried out during fall 2000, spring 2001, and summer 2001 to evaluate the impact of heavy equipment on flexible pavements under variable environmental conditions. Test vehicles included two types of Terra-Gators, a grain cart, and a tracked tractor. The field-testing program collected the pavement responses under five replicates of each combination of test vehicle and load level and under the 18,000-lb singleaxle truck. Data were examined for repeatability; the average of the most repeatable set of measurements was calculated and used in the analysis. The first part of the research evaluated the relative impact of the equipment defined as the ratio of pavement response under each combination of vehicle-load level over the pavement response under the 18,000-lb single-axle truck. The analysis of the pavement response ratios indicated that ( a) the tracked tractor is not more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck, ( b) Terra-Gators 8103 and 8144 are more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when fully loaded, and ( c) the grain cart is more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when loaded over the legal load limit. Data from the second part of the research showed that transporting the commodities using tridem-axle trucks caused far less pavement damage than transporting commodities on agricultural equipment.

Impact of Heavy Vehicles on Low-Volume Roads

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Sebaaly ◽  
Raj Siddharthan ◽  
David Huft
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Pavement Response ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
The Impact

A recent study sponsored by the South Dakota Department of Transportation evaluated the impact of agricultural equipment on the actual response of low-volume roads. To meet this objective, one gravel pavement section and one blotter pavement section were instrumented in South Dakota and tested under agricultural equipment. Each section was instrumented with pressure cells in the base and subgrade and deflection gauges to measure surface displacement. Field tests were carried out during fall 2000, spring 2001, and summer 2001. Testing in different seasons offered the opportunity to evaluate the impact of heavy equipment on low-volume roads under variable environmental conditions: high and low temperatures and wet and dry conditions. Test vehicles included two Terragators, a grain cart, and a tracked tractor. The field testing program collected the pavement responses under five replicates of each combination of test vehicle and load level and under the 18,000-lb single-axle truck. Data were examined for repeatability, and the average of the most repeatable set of measurements was calculated and used in the analysis. The first part of the research evaluated the relative impact of the different equipment, defined as the ratio of pavement response under each combination of vehicle-load level over the pavement response under the 18,000-lb single-axle truck. Analysis of the pavement response ratios indicated that ( a) the tracked tractor is not more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck, ( b) Terragators 8103 and 8144 are more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when they are fully loaded, and ( c) the grain cart is more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when it is loaded over the legal load limit. The second part of the research evaluated load equivalency factors for agricultural equipment on gravel and blotter pavements. Analysis of the load equivalency data indicated that an agency can effectively reduce the impact of agricultural equipment on a low-volume road by increasing the thickness of the base layer and keeping the load as close to the legal limit as possible.

Field Verification of Moving Load Model for Pavement Response

1996 ◽  
Vol 1540 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Siddharthan ◽  
Jian Yao ◽  
Peter E. Sebaaly
Keyword(s):  
Moving Load ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
State University ◽  
Load Model ◽  
Pavement Response ◽  
The Difference

A validation study undertaken to verify the predictive capability of a recently developed moving load model to predict pavement response is described. The full-scale field-measured responses of longitudinal strain at the bottom of the asphalt concrete (AC) layer were used in the verification. The field testing program, in which the strain responses induced by a semitrailer truck were measured as a function of vehicle speed, was carried out at the Pennsylvania State University test track. The material behavior of the AC layer, which was assumed to be viscoelastic, was deduced from the laboratory behavior of the AC and from the backcalculated AC modulus from falling-weight deflectometer data. The unbound material layer properties were assumed to be elastic. The moving load model reproduced many important general observations made from the field tests, such as the existence of a complex interaction in the case of a tandem axle configuration and the strong influence of vehicle speed on the strain response. Good agreement exists between the predictions made by the model for the strain response for single and tandem axle configurations under different loading and vehicle speeds and those measured in the field. The difference is less than 14 percent, thus verifying the applicability of the moving load model to predict pavement response.

Impact of tridem and trunnion axle groups on premature damage of pavement infrastructure

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanmin Zhang ◽  
Susan Tighe
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Rigid Pavements ◽  
Relative Damage ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

To make appropriate decisions on overload limits of various axle configurations that can be endorsed for routine permitting, highway agencies need to understand the impact of these axle groups in terms of pavement infrastructure damage. This paper examines the relative damage to pavements induced by tridem and trunnion axle groups. The analysis was conducted with typical structures of both flexible and rigid pavements by first analyzing the mechanistic responses of pavements to tridem and trunnion axle groups. Then the mechanistic responses were used as the input to performance-based fatigue models to quantify the relative accumulative damage to the pavements. The use of the performance-based fatigue models ensured that all types of damage (such as rutting and cracking) induced by the axle groups were taken into consideration. Based on the analysis results, it was found that for flexible pavements, tridem axle groups are more damaging than trunnion axle groups, whereas for rigid pavements, trunnion axle groups are more damaging than tridem axle groups.Key words: trunnion, tridem, load equivalency, pavement damage.

scholarly journals RANCANG BANGUN SAFETY DEVICE COOLING DOWN AUTOMATIC PADA UNIT HEAVY EQUIPMENT DOZER D3K CATERPILLAR BERBASIS MICROCONTROLLER

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Abdul Halim ◽  
Mangkona Mangkona ◽  
Muh. Taufik ◽  
Andi Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Safety Device ◽  
Work Shift ◽  
Operator Experience ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
The Impact

The occurrence of problems regarding operating procedures that are not suitable for heavy equipment in the field is one of the causes of component life which is not maximally achieved. Therefore it is necessary to have an innovation to make it easier to monitor and operate heavy equipment, especially when there is a shift in work shift for heavy equipment operators. Operator experience in several mining activities, many operators shut down the engine suddenly so that the impact on the engine can cause over heating which results in excessive wear and will have an impact on engine performance. And therefore the purpose of design a microcontroller-based cooling down safety device is a tool that functions to turn off the engine when the engine is low idle with time settings according to the standard operating procedure of each machine. For machines that have been operated under load, the engine must be low idle / cooling down for a while, so that the heat on the engine surface is cool enough, so that hot components can be properly lubricated. By design a cooling down engine safety device, it is hoped that it can assist in the monitoring and operation of heavy equipment. From the results of field testing, the relay that controls the unit's electricity functions properly and the cooling down safety device has a precise timing.

Case study: Prediction and field tests of railway noise and effects of a low-height noise barrier

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Yuna Park ◽  
Hyo-In Koh ◽  
University of Science and Technology, Transpo ◽  
University of Science and Technology, Transpo ◽  
University of Science and Technology, Transpo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Railway Systems ◽  
Railway Noise ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Noise Barrier ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
The Impact

Railway noise is calculated to predict the impact of new or reconstructed railway tracks on nearby residential areas. The results are used to prepare adequate counter- measures, and the calculation results are directly related to the cost of the action plans. The calculated values were used to produce noise maps for each area of inter- est. The Schall 03 2012 is one of the most frequently used methods for the production of noise maps. The latest version was released in 2012 and uses various input para- meters associated with the latest rail vehicles and track systems in Germany. This version has not been sufficiently used in South Korea, and there is a lack of standard guidelines and a precise manual for Korean railway systems. Thus, it is not clear what input parameters will match specific local cases. This study investigates the modeling procedure for Korean railway systems and the differences between calcu- lated railway sound levels and measured values obtained using the Schall 03 2012 model. Depending on the location of sound receivers, the difference between the cal- culated and measured values was within approximately 4 dB for various train types. In the case of high-speed trains, the value was approximately 7 dB. A noise-reducing measure was also modeled. The noise reduction effect of a low-height noise barrier system was predicted and evaluated for operating railway sites within the frame- work of a national research project in Korea. The comparison of calculated and measured values showed differences within 2.5 dB.

scholarly journals Alternative Control of Phragmidium rubi-idaei Infecting Two Rubus Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1452
Author(s):  
Raluca-Maria Pârlici ◽  
Aurel Maxim ◽  
Stefania Mirela Mang ◽  
Ippolito Camele ◽  
Lucia Mihalescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
The Impact

Organic berry plantations have been gaining popularity among farmers during recent years. Even so, farmers experience serious challenges in disease control management, which is a concern in organic farming. Phragmidiumrubi-idaei (DC) P. Karst is the pathogen responsible for blackberry and raspberry rust disease, one of the most present and active diseases in plantations. The antifungal certified products found on the organic farming market offer the opportunity for an efficient control strategy over plant pathogens in fruit shrub plantations. In this study, 5 natural based products—namely Altosan, Mimox, Canelys, Zitron, and Zeolite—were tested for their fungistatic effect over P. rubi-idaei. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions, performing observations over the impact of organic products, used at different concentration levels, on rust conidia germination. Moreover, field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the efficiency of different treatments for rust control on raspberry (‘Polka’, ‘Veten’ and ‘Heritage’) and blackberry (‘Thorn Free’, ‘Chester’ and ‘Loch Ness’) varieties. Data analysis based on ANOVA tests showed significant differences between the tested variants and the control sample at p < 0.001. Furthermore, LSD test confirmed differences between all substances tested (p < 0.005). The natural products Canelys (formulated with cinnamon) and Zytron (based on citrus extract) have proven the highest inhibitory capacity for conidia germination during in vitro tests registering values of 80.42% and 78.34%, respectively. The same high inhibitory rates against rust pathogen were kept also in the field tests using the same two natural-based products mentioned earlier. In addition, outcomes from this study demonstrated that Zeolite is not recommended for raspberry or blackberry rust control.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fluid Loss and Carbohydrate Consumption during Exercise, on Young Cyclists’ Fatigue Perception in Relation to Training Load Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3282
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cesanelli ◽  
Berta Ylaitė ◽  
Giuseppe Messina ◽  
Daniele Zangla ◽  
Stefania Cataldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Carbohydrate Consumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
The Impact

High-level young athletes need to face a wide spectrum of stressors on their journey to élite categories. The aims of the present study are (i) to evaluate session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) at different training impulse (TRIMP) categories and the correlations between these two variables and, (ii) evaluate the correlations between sRPE, fluid loss, and carbohydrate consumption during exercise. Data on Edward’s TRIMP, sRPE, body mass loss pre- and post- exercise (∆), and carbohydrate consumption (CHO/h) during exercise have been acquired from eight male junior cyclists during a competitive season. One-way ANOVA and correlation analysis with linear regression have been performed on acquired data. sRPE resulted in a significant difference in the three TRIMP categories (p < 0.001). sRPE resulted in being very largely positively associated with TRIMP values (p < 0.001; R = 0.71). ∆ as well as CHO/h was largely negatively related with sRPE in all TRIMP categories (p < 0.001). The results confirmed the role of fluid balance and carbohydrate consumption on the perception of fatigue and fatigue accumulation dynamics independently from the training load. Young athletes’ training load monitoring and nutritional-hydration support represent important aspects in athlete’s exercise-induced fatigue management.

Driving in the Dust: Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Testing in Degraded Visual Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1916-1920
Author(s):  
Kayla L. Riegner ◽  
Kelly S. Steelman
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Ground Vehicle ◽  
Significant Safety ◽  
Dust Clouds

Degraded visual environments (DVEs) pose significant safety and efficiency problems in military ground vehicle operations. As part of a larger research program, two field tests were conducted to evaluate driving aids while indirect driving in DVEs. The current paper presents the results of one of these field tests, and focuses on the challenges and lessons learned in designing a challenging test course and producing consistent dust clouds for assessing Soldier driving performance and workload in degraded visual environments.

Problem Diagnosis and Aerodynamic Improvement of a Field Pipeline Compressor

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheji Liu ◽  
D. Lee Hill ◽  
Yuri I. Biba
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Investigation ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Interface Model ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Peak Efficiency ◽  
Aerodynamic Loss ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract An extensive investigation surrounding a performance shortfall of a pipeline compressor is presented. Regions of high aerodynamic loss are identified from an extensive flange-to-flange numerical investigation. Special attention is placed on understanding the impact of the interface model between the rotating and stationary components on the performance of each individual component and the whole machine. This process lead to the redesign of the radial inlet, the diffuser region, and the volute. Upon numerical validation of the proposed design changes, the components were manufactured and installed into the compressor that was already operating in the field. “Field” testing showed the new design to have a peak efficiency improvement of 4 points surpassing the contract guarantee.

The Effect of Blade Geometry on Blade Stall Characteristics

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. J. O. M. van Rooij ◽  
J. G. Schepers
Keyword(s):  
Correction Term ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Wind Tunnel Experiments ◽  
Twisted Blade ◽  
The Impact ◽  
2D Airfoil ◽  
Twist Pitch ◽  
Force Characteristics ◽  
Blade Geometry

The effect of rotation has been investigated with emphasis on the impact of blade geometry on the “correction factor” in stall models. The data used came from field tests and wind tunnel experiments performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and were restricted to the steady-state nonyawed conditions. Three blade layouts were available; a blade with constant chord without twist (phase II), a blade with constant chord and twist (phases III and IV), and a tapered blade with twist (phase VI). Effects due to twist and taper were determined from comparison of c n between the different blade layouts. The formulation of the stall model was rewritten so that the measured c n values could be used without reference to 2D airfoil performance. This enabled a direct comparison of the normal force characteristics between the four blade stations of the selected blade configurations. In particular, the correction term f used in stall models for rotational effects was analyzed. The comparison between the test results with a straight and a twisted blade showed that a relation for twist + pitch is required in f . In addition, a dependency offon the angle-of-attack was identified in the measurements and it is recommended that this dependency be incorporated in the stall models.

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