Impact of Heavy Vehicles on Low-Volume Roads

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Sebaaly ◽  
Raj Siddharthan ◽  
David Huft
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Pavement Response ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
The Impact

A recent study sponsored by the South Dakota Department of Transportation evaluated the impact of agricultural equipment on the actual response of low-volume roads. To meet this objective, one gravel pavement section and one blotter pavement section were instrumented in South Dakota and tested under agricultural equipment. Each section was instrumented with pressure cells in the base and subgrade and deflection gauges to measure surface displacement. Field tests were carried out during fall 2000, spring 2001, and summer 2001. Testing in different seasons offered the opportunity to evaluate the impact of heavy equipment on low-volume roads under variable environmental conditions: high and low temperatures and wet and dry conditions. Test vehicles included two Terragators, a grain cart, and a tracked tractor. The field testing program collected the pavement responses under five replicates of each combination of test vehicle and load level and under the 18,000-lb single-axle truck. Data were examined for repeatability, and the average of the most repeatable set of measurements was calculated and used in the analysis. The first part of the research evaluated the relative impact of the different equipment, defined as the ratio of pavement response under each combination of vehicle-load level over the pavement response under the 18,000-lb single-axle truck. Analysis of the pavement response ratios indicated that ( a) the tracked tractor is not more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck, ( b) Terragators 8103 and 8144 are more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when they are fully loaded, and ( c) the grain cart is more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when it is loaded over the legal load limit. The second part of the research evaluated load equivalency factors for agricultural equipment on gravel and blotter pavements. Analysis of the load equivalency data indicated that an agency can effectively reduce the impact of agricultural equipment on a low-volume road by increasing the thickness of the base layer and keeping the load as close to the legal limit as possible.

Effect of Off-Road Equipment on Flexible Pavements

2003 ◽  
Vol 1821 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Sebaaly ◽  
Raj Siddharthan ◽  
Magdy El-Desouky ◽  
Dan Strand ◽  
David Huft
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Load Limit ◽  
Pavement Response ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

The South Dakota Department of Transportation sponsored a study to evaluate the effect of agricultural equipment on flexible pavements. One thin and one thick flexible pavement were instrumented at two locations and tested under agricultural equipment. Each section was instrumented with pressure cells in the base and subgrade, surface deflection gauges, and strain gauges at the bottom of the asphalt layer. Field tests were carried out during fall 2000, spring 2001, and summer 2001 to evaluate the impact of heavy equipment on flexible pavements under variable environmental conditions. Test vehicles included two types of Terra-Gators, a grain cart, and a tracked tractor. The field-testing program collected the pavement responses under five replicates of each combination of test vehicle and load level and under the 18,000-lb singleaxle truck. Data were examined for repeatability; the average of the most repeatable set of measurements was calculated and used in the analysis. The first part of the research evaluated the relative impact of the equipment defined as the ratio of pavement response under each combination of vehicle-load level over the pavement response under the 18,000-lb single-axle truck. The analysis of the pavement response ratios indicated that ( a) the tracked tractor is not more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck, ( b) Terra-Gators 8103 and 8144 are more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when fully loaded, and ( c) the grain cart is more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when loaded over the legal load limit. Data from the second part of the research showed that transporting the commodities using tridem-axle trucks caused far less pavement damage than transporting commodities on agricultural equipment.

Functional tests of the ETCS and rail traffic control systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Paweł Drózd ◽  
Adam Rosiński
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Traffic Control Devices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents the issues of railway traffic control devices testing and focuses on European Train Control System (ETCS) devices widely implemented in railways. The functions of the ETCS system, principles of operation are described. The basic telegrams transmitted in the track-to-train relation are listed. The process of designing and verifying the implemented data and what parameters are checked at the stage of field tests using the locomotive is briefly described. The functional model of the SRK devices, including ETCS elements, was presented, and the close relationship between the base layer of the railway traffic control devices and the ETCS was shown. Equipment testing reduces the availability of the rail network, engages staff, and generates costs. A test generation method is presented to minimize the impact. Two indicators are proposed for reducing the set of checks, the cost of checking and the information effectiveness. The cost of checking due to the problematic estimate is generalized, divided into three groups taking into account the difficulty and resource consumption of bringing the devices to the initial state and their operation according to the test. Therefore, the obtained set of checks is suboptimal and ensures complete coverage of the functions with tests, which is essential when testing devices. The tests are carried out using available setting commands and the implementation of tasks - entry and exit routes at the station. The proposed method is universal and can be applied to any railway traffic control device, regardless of the manufacturing technology. It is a non-invasive method in the structure of the tested devices and does not require additional hardware resources.

scholarly journals The Impact of Drainage on the Performance of Low Volume Sealed Roads

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6101
Author(s):  
Andrew Otto ◽  
John Rolt ◽  
Kenneth Mukura
Keyword(s):  
Back Analysis ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pavement Materials ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Performance Matrix ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Access

Under the Research for Community Access Partnership (ReCAP) funded by the United Kingdom Aid (UKaid) program, a project entitled ‘Development of Specifications for Low Volume Sealed Roads through Back Analysis’ was carried out. Previous studies on the performance of low volume sealed roads have emphasized the importance of good drainage to ensure good performance. The emphasis has been on providing sealed shoulders, adequate crown height, and adequate camber. These studies have not related these cross-sectional features with materials characteristics. This paper investigates the influence of each of these features on the performance of low volume sealed roads and their relation to pavement materials. The features were considered each one at time, using a matrix of three levels of the value of each feature and three levels of performance categories. Thus, presenting a 3 × 3 performance matrix for each factor. Assessment of the matrices showed that provision of sealed shoulders permits the use of materials of higher plasticity (PI ≤ 16 and PM ≤ 560) without compromising performance compared to that permissible for sections with unsealed shoulders (PI ≤ 10 and PM ≤ 240). These results can be used to supplement existing selection criteria for road base material of low volume roads.

Application of Highway Development and Management Tool for Low-Volume Roads

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Veeraragavan ◽  
K. B. Rathnakara Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Strategy Analysis ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Suitable Framework ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
The Impact

Connectivity is a key component of rural development in developing countries. Traditionally, many road organizations budget and program for road works on a historical basis. An objective, needs-based approach is necessary with knowledge of the content, structure, and condition of the roads being managed. The Highway Development and Management Tool (HDM-4) provides a suitable framework for such an approach. From the available traffic and condition surveys, nine representative low-volume road sections with varying geometry and pavement condition are analyzed. The types of vehicles using the roads are two- and three-wheelers; standard medium buses; standard minibuses; light commercial vehicles; two-axle trucks, cars, and tractors among the motorized traffic; and bullock cart and bicycle among the nonmotorized traffic, which are the conventional modes of transport for low-volume roads in developing countries. The purpose of the study is to forecast budget requirements and predict performance trends by applying the strategy analysis of HDM-4 to low-volume roads. The analysis was carried out for two objective functions: to maximize the net present value and to minimize the total costs for a target international roughness index. The design period was 20 years; economic indicators were determined at a discount rate of 12%. Two investment alternatives, namely, a desired maintenance and an ideal maintenance, are compared with the do-minimum alternative. The study reveals that the strategy application of HDM-4 can be used for managing low-volume roads effectively. The tool will help in forecasting budget requirements and assessing the impact of various investment alternatives.

Rural Track Paths on Low-Volume Roads in Austria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 863-873
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Haslehner
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Design Guideline ◽  
Rural Road ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The Impact

The rural road network in Austria consists of all roads that are neither federal nor provincial roads and serve the purpose of enabling access to the rural area. This low-volume road network includes all municipal roads, farm roads, and forest roads. The total length of these roads amounts to approximately 160,000 km or 80% of the total Austrian road network. The responsibility for construction and maintenance of this rural road network in Austria is split between private persons and public authorities. Within these special circumstances a new technical design guideline for rural track paths has been elaborated in Austria. During this elaboration the experiences and know-how from Germany and Switzerland have been analyzed and taken into consideration. The main part of the paper deals with this new design guideline and shows an innovative way to handle activities in construction and maintenance of low-volume roads realized as single-lane rural track paths. These track paths consist of two load-carrying tracks constructed of asphalt, concrete, surface treatment, or block pavers. The obvious advantages of this tracked paving approach are to reduce the impact of impervious surface types and the impact on the environment. What makes this guideline unique is the fact that it is the first of its kind in Austria to encompass all aspects of planning, design, practical construction, and implementation of rural track paths on low-volume roads.

Development of Surfacing Criteria for Low-Volume Roads in South Dakota

2005 ◽  
Vol 1913 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela S. Wolters ◽  
Kathryn A. Zimmerman ◽  
David L. Huft ◽  
Paul A. Oien
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Agency Cost ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
User Cost ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Maintenance And Rehabilitation ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Local Agencies

On a daily basis, local road agencies in South Dakota face the challenge of how to maintain low-volume roads cost-effectively. Specifically, agencies are faced with the decision of determining when it is most economical to maintain, upgrade, or downgrade a road's existing surface. To assist decision makers with maintenance and rehabilitation decisions, the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) initiated a study in 2002 to investigate surfacing criteria for low-volume roads. The overall objective of this research is to create a process that allows users to compare the costs associated with different types of roads to provide assistance in deciding which surface type (hot-mix asphalt, blotter, gravel, or stabilized gravel) is most economical under a specific set of circumstances. In addition to incorporating economic factors into the analysis, the process allows the user to consider other noneconomic factors that are more subjective and difficult to quantify. The process used during this study is flexible enough to allow users to consider any combination of agency costs incurred by the agency for maintaining its roads, user cost factors such as vehicle operating costs or crash potential, and noneconomic factors such as politics and housing densities. The methodology was created with agency cost and user cost models developed on the basis of specific road section information supplied by various local agencies in South Dakota, average daily traffic and crash occurrence information supplied by the SDDOT, information obtained through a literature search, and input from members of the project's technical panel.

scholarly journals Performance and Environmental Evaluation of Stabilized Base Material with Strontium Slag in Low-Volume Road in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Teng Wang ◽  
Qiulin Tao ◽  
Zhaoxing Xie
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Strontium Carbonate ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Environmental Evaluation ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
The Cost

Strontium slag, a by-product of the strontium carbonate refining industry, has been produced at million tons per year in China. The use of strontium slag in the roads could reduce the demand of virgin materials and help solve the environmental problems caused by strontium slag. However, it is necessary to evaluate its environmental effect and the performance of the pavement with strontium slag before it could be used in roads. In this study, two test sections with strontium slag base layer were paved in low-volume roads in China to investigate its performance and environmental impact: (1) cement-treated base (CTB) section (5 cm asphalt surface over 20 cm CTB containing strontium slag) and (2) lime-treated base (LTB) section (3 cm asphalt surface over 20 cm LTB with strontium slag). The performance of the test sections was evaluated through laboratory and field experiments. The cost and environmental effect of strontium slag were investigated using production cost analysis and life-cycle assessment, respectively. Results of this study indicate that the CTB section exhibited a better performance compared to the LTB section, and the strontium slag decreased the material cost and the emissions during production.

Evaluating Climate Change Impact on Low-Volume Roads in Southern Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 2053 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Tighe ◽  
James Smith ◽  
Brian Mills ◽  
Jean Andrey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Pavement Deterioration ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Information extracted from global climate models suggests that average temperatures and annual precipitation will increase over the next several decades, with potential implications for pavement performance and design. With Canadian data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance program, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide was used to quantify the impacts of projected climatic changes on pavement performance of low-volume roads at six sites. A series of analyses was conducted to assess the impact of pavement structure, material characteristics, traffic loads, and changes in climate on incremental and terminal pavement deterioration and performance. Results suggest that rutting (asphalt, base, and subbase layers) and both longitudinal and alligator cracking will be exacerbated by climate change, with transverse cracking becoming less of a problem. In general, maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction will be required earlier in the design life; however, the effects of climate change were found to be modest relative to effects of regional baseline climate differences and increased future traffic. For road authorities, key adaptations will relate to when and how to modify current design and maintenance practices. Pavement engineers should be encouraged to develop a protocol for considering potential climate change in the development and evaluation of future designs and maintenance programs. Incorporating other climate-related road infrastructure issues– for instance those associated with concrete pavements; surface-treated roads; and airfields bridges, and culverts–would be beneficial. At a minimum, long time series of historic climatic and road weather observations (e.g., >30 years) should be incorporated into analyses of pavement deterioration and assignment of performance graded materials.

Study & Experimental Analysis of Pervious Concrete In Low Volume Roads

2018 ◽  
pp. 172-176
Author(s):  
Suraj Pinate ◽  
Hitesh Sonawane ◽  
Jayesh Barhate ◽  
Mayur Chaudhari ◽  
Utkarsha Dhok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Pervious Concrete ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume
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