Impact of tridem and trunnion axle groups on premature damage of pavement infrastructure

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanmin Zhang ◽  
Susan Tighe
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Rigid Pavements ◽  
Relative Damage ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

To make appropriate decisions on overload limits of various axle configurations that can be endorsed for routine permitting, highway agencies need to understand the impact of these axle groups in terms of pavement infrastructure damage. This paper examines the relative damage to pavements induced by tridem and trunnion axle groups. The analysis was conducted with typical structures of both flexible and rigid pavements by first analyzing the mechanistic responses of pavements to tridem and trunnion axle groups. Then the mechanistic responses were used as the input to performance-based fatigue models to quantify the relative accumulative damage to the pavements. The use of the performance-based fatigue models ensured that all types of damage (such as rutting and cracking) induced by the axle groups were taken into consideration. Based on the analysis results, it was found that for flexible pavements, tridem axle groups are more damaging than trunnion axle groups, whereas for rigid pavements, trunnion axle groups are more damaging than tridem axle groups.Key words: trunnion, tridem, load equivalency, pavement damage.

Statistical Distributions of Pavement Damage Associated with Overweight Vehicles: Methodology and Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (9) ◽  
pp. 229-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Batioja-Alvarez ◽  
Seyed-Farzan Kazemi ◽  
Elie Y. Hajj ◽  
Raj V. Siddharthan ◽  
Adam J. T. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Application Process ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Relative Damage ◽  
Gross Vehicle Weight ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

The trucking industry is the primary mode of transporting for goods and commodities in the United States. Currently, there is an increasing trend in the use of overweight (OW) vehicles on the highway network. State highway agencies (SHAs) are challenged to address this increase, particularly relative to associated pavement damage. In this study, a probabilistic method was developed to evaluate rutting and fatigue cracking damage caused by OW vehicles under different road and environmental conditions. The influential input parameters in this analysis included gross vehicle weight (GVW), axle configuration, axle weight, pavement temperature, and vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). Necessary information was obtained by analyzing more than 170,000 entries of a Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) OW permit database. The developed model was based on mechanistic-empirical (ME) approach and considered asphalt concrete (AC) viscoelastic characterization. The results of this study were distributions of AC critical responses, load equivalency factors (LEFs), and relative damage factors (RDFs). The analysis showed that load equivalent factor (LEF) distributions could be incorporated in pavement design methods to account for OW vehicles. Furthermore, the damage induced by specific OW vehicles could be assessed using the relative damage factor (RDF) concept and may be efficiently used by SHAs during the permit application process. A case study was presented illustrating the impact of an OW axle configuration on pavement damage. Finally, a method was suggested for developing RDF tables with damage ranges corresponding to different axle configurations and the GVW that could be a tool for SHAs to evaluate and understand pavement damage induced by OW vehicles.

Effect of Off-Road Equipment on Flexible Pavements

2003 ◽  
Vol 1821 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Sebaaly ◽  
Raj Siddharthan ◽  
Magdy El-Desouky ◽  
Dan Strand ◽  
David Huft
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Load Limit ◽  
Pavement Response ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

The South Dakota Department of Transportation sponsored a study to evaluate the effect of agricultural equipment on flexible pavements. One thin and one thick flexible pavement were instrumented at two locations and tested under agricultural equipment. Each section was instrumented with pressure cells in the base and subgrade, surface deflection gauges, and strain gauges at the bottom of the asphalt layer. Field tests were carried out during fall 2000, spring 2001, and summer 2001 to evaluate the impact of heavy equipment on flexible pavements under variable environmental conditions. Test vehicles included two types of Terra-Gators, a grain cart, and a tracked tractor. The field-testing program collected the pavement responses under five replicates of each combination of test vehicle and load level and under the 18,000-lb singleaxle truck. Data were examined for repeatability; the average of the most repeatable set of measurements was calculated and used in the analysis. The first part of the research evaluated the relative impact of the equipment defined as the ratio of pavement response under each combination of vehicle-load level over the pavement response under the 18,000-lb single-axle truck. The analysis of the pavement response ratios indicated that ( a) the tracked tractor is not more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck, ( b) Terra-Gators 8103 and 8144 are more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when fully loaded, and ( c) the grain cart is more damaging than the 18,000-lb single-axle truck only when loaded over the legal load limit. Data from the second part of the research showed that transporting the commodities using tridem-axle trucks caused far less pavement damage than transporting commodities on agricultural equipment.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 266-270
Author(s):  
M.Venkata Naga Prasad ◽  
Dr.J.Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Rigid Pavements ◽  
Steel Bars ◽  
Coconut Coir ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coconut Fibers

This study focuses on fiber reinforcement, specifically the use of jute and coir as a fiber reinforcing material in concrete. Natural fibers have been used to provide substantial toughness and strength in a very fragile cement matrix composite. It is necessary to make effective changes in this regard. Uses a very alkaline cement matrix to achieve durability. It is preferable to have a chemical composition that is clear. Reinforce the cement and change the surface of the fibers composite. The usage of jute fiber in this article is discussed. Concrete and the impact it has on the characteristics of the concrete it produces, for example this is an attempt to review the work that has just been completed. In the discipline, as well as to establish a foundation for future study in that case. It is critical to create low-cost building and reinforcing techniques that are suited for developing countries. If agricultural by-products like coconut coir can be used to replace steel bars as reinforcement, building costs can be reduced. Down significantly the purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of coconut fibers. Species produced in India and their uses in many fields of engineering, notably civil engineering enhancing the long-term durability of concrete and mortar using engineering as a building material with the addition of coconut fibers the overall objective is to look into the possibility of utilizing domestic resources. Wastes for construction on a tiny scale a review of several researchers’ experiences utilizing is presented in this publication. The performance of coconut coir as a reinforcing component is explored in depth.

scholarly journals Truck-Platooning Impacts on Flexible Pavements: Experimental and Mechanistic Approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aravind Ramakrishnan ◽  
◽  
Ashraf Alrajhi ◽  
Egemen Okte ◽  
Hasan Ozer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
Shift Model ◽  
The Impact

Truck platoons are expected to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption. However, their use is projected to accelerate pavement damage due to channelized-load application (lack of wander) and potentially reduced duration between truck-loading applications (reduced rest period). The effect of wander on pavement damage is well documented, while relatively few studies are available on the effect of rest period on pavement permanent deformation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of rest period theoretically, using a numerical method, and experimentally, using laboratory testing. A 3-D finite-element (FE) pavement model was developed and run to quantify the effect of rest period. Strain recovery and accumulation were predicted by fitting Gaussian mixture models to the strain values computed from the FE model. The effect of rest period was found to be insignificant for truck spacing greater than 10 ft. An experimental program was conducted, and several asphalt concrete (AC) mixes were considered at various stress levels, temperatures, and rest periods. Test results showed that AC deformation increased with rest period, irrespective of AC-mix type, stress level, and/or temperature. This observation was attributed to a well-documented hardening–relaxation mechanism, which occurs during AC plastic deformation. Hence, experimental and FE-model results are conflicting due to modeling AC as a viscoelastic and the difference in the loading mechanism. A shift model was developed by extending the time–temperature superposition concept to incorporate rest period, using the experimental data. The shift factors were used to compute the equivalent number of cycles for various platoon scenarios (truck spacings or rest period). The shift model was implemented in AASHTOware pavement mechanic–empirical design (PMED) guidelines for the calculation of rutting using equivalent number of cycles.

Seasonal and Long-Term Changes to Pavement Life Caused by Rising Temperatures from Climate Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne F. Knott ◽  
Jo E. Sias ◽  
Eshan V. Dave ◽  
Jennifer M. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

Pavements are vulnerable to reduced life with climate-change-induced temperature rise. Greenhouse gas emissions have caused an increase in global temperatures since the mid-20th century and the warming is projected to accelerate. Many studies have characterized this risk with a top-down approach in which climate-change scenarios are chosen and applied to predict pavement-life reduction. This approach is useful in identifying possible pavement futures but may miss short-term or seasonal pavement-response trends that are essential for adaptation planning. A bottom-up approach focuses on a pavement’s response to incremental temperature change resulting in a more complete understanding of temperature-induced pavement damage. In this study, a hybrid bottom-up/top-down approach was used to quantify the impact of changing pavement seasons and temperatures on pavement life with incremental temperature rise from 0 to 5°C at a site in coastal New Hampshire. Changes in season length, seasonal average temperatures, and temperature-dependent resilient modulus were used in layered-elastic analysis to simulate the pavement’s response to temperature rise. Projected temperature rise from downscaled global climate models was then superimposed on the results to determine the timing of the effects. The winter pavement season is projected to end by mid-century, replaced by a lengthening fall season. Seasonal pavement damage, currently dominated by the late spring and summer seasons, is projected to be distributed more evenly throughout the year as temperatures rise. A 7% to 32% increase in the asphalt-layer thickness is recommended to protect the base and subgrade with rising temperatures from early century to late-mid-century.

Cost of Pavement Damage Due to Heavier Loads on Louisiana Highways: Preliminary Assessment

2000 ◽  
Vol 1732 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freddy L. Roberts ◽  
Ludfi Djakfar
Keyword(s):  
Pavement Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Present Worth ◽  
Gross Vehicle Weight ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Government Statistics ◽  
The Impact

A preliminary assessment is made of the impact of increasing the gross vehicle weight (GVW) from current legal limits to 100,000 lb (45 400 kg) on vehicles hauling sugarcane, rice, timber, and cotton. Sections of road were chosen in each area of Louisiana where commodities are produced, the amount of each commodity hauled was estimated, and the effects of increasing the GVW were evaluated for each section using pavement design models. Design data were secured from the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development computer database and project files to determine the pavement design parameters and traffic estimates for each road. The number of vehicles hauling the 1998 harvest payload was estimated, a projected increase in the production of each commodity was estimated on the basis of government statistics, and rehabilitations were designed with the use of the 1986 AASHTO Design Guide for a 20-year analysis period. Present worth (PW) was calculated for each GVW scenario for each roadway. Comparisons of PW between the weight scenarios showed that increases in GVW have more effect on state and U.S. highways than they do on Interstate highways. Any increase in GVW over current limits increases the cost of overlays and decreases the length of time before an overlay is required. The cost increase due to increasing the GVW is substantial. Fee structures should be modified by the legislature so that these costs are paid for either through the current registration and overweight permit fee structure or through some new tax, such as a ton-mile tax.

Deriving Pavement Deflection Indices from Layered Elastic Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (12) ◽  
pp. 278-290
Author(s):  
Christoffer P. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Strain Component ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
Curvature Index ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
Structural Indices ◽  
The Impact

Pavement deflection indices such as the surface curvature index or base damage index are widely used to characterize the condition of pavements. Often, the indices are constructed to provide an estimate of a particular strain component somewhere in the pavement structure. Since the pavement damage is a function of the strain, structural indices provide a simple way of estimating the damage rate in a pavement. Despite their widespread use, it has so far proven difficult to derive deflection indices from first principles; instead, new indices are found by evaluating a range of candidates using a trial-and-error approach. In this paper, a systematic method of deriving deflection indices is presented. The method is based on applying the convolution theorem for Hankel transforms to the solution of a layered elastic problem. Besides allowing for easy derivation of new deflection indices, the method can be used to account for the impact of varying layer thicknesses in the pavement.

Framework for Rigorous Analysis of Moisture-Related Structural Damage in Flexible Pavements

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 640-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Asadi ◽  
Nivedya Madankara Kottayi ◽  
Cesar Tirado ◽  
Rajib Basu Mallick ◽  
Ali Mirchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Public Domain Software ◽  
The Impact

The infiltration of water from precipitation through the hot mix asphalt layers in flexible pavements can lead to significant decrease in the moduli of the underlying layers, especially the base layer. As a result, the weakened pavement structure can suffer more damage and deteriorate faster compared with the same pavement under its normal condition. The objective of this study is to develop a framework that can lead to public-domain software that highway agencies can use on a regular basis to conduct a rigorous analysis of the moisture-related structural damage in flexible pavements. A framework of a numerical analysis that integrates the unsaturated hydraulic analysis with finite element structural performance has been developed using two open-source software packages. The framework has been applied to different pavement structures with different drainage systems. Analyses show a significantly longer period of time when the base layer experiences high degrees of saturation in a pavement with poor drainage compared with that for a pavement with proper drainage. Consequently, it is demonstrated that the pavements weakened because of moisture infiltration suffer a significantly higher amount of damage for a longer period of time under traffic, and thus experience shorter service lives. The proposed framework can be potentially used to evaluate and improve the resilience of pavement networks against extreme events that cause heavy precipitation, as well as to evaluate the impact of drainage structures and conditions on life during structural analysis and design of pavements.

scholarly journals Damage Evaluation of the Paving around Manholes under Vehicle Dynamic Load

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Wenjun Hu ◽  
Quanman Zhao ◽  
Yao Liu ◽  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Xianghui Kong
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Static Load ◽  
Impact Load ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
Height Difference ◽  
Driving Speed ◽  
Damage Coefficient ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

It is very important for pavement engineers to know which factors are the main reasons for the damage of the paving around manholes. Based on the investigation on the damage of paving around manholes, a vibration model with multidegree of freedom for the vehicle-manhole cover was established and analyzed. After that, the Matlab software was used to obtain the variation law of impact load over time, and the 95% fourth power of the aggregate force was used as the index to evaluate the pavement damage. Finally, many influencing factors on pavement damage were analyzed by the method of grey correlation entropy. The results indicated that the impact load reached the maximum for the first time when the vehicle reached the top of the manhole cover, which was 1.29 times that of the static load, and the pavement damage coefficient was 2.12 times that of the static load. The influencing factors had different degrees of influence on the pavement damage; from large to small, they were change of road longitudinal slope > driving speed > damping of tire > stiffness of tire > height difference from the pavement damage > height difference from the manhole settlement > stiffness of the manhole cover.

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