scholarly journals The Impact of Drainage on the Performance of Low Volume Sealed Roads

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6101
Author(s):  
Andrew Otto ◽  
John Rolt ◽  
Kenneth Mukura
Keyword(s):  
Back Analysis ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pavement Materials ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Performance Matrix ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Access

Under the Research for Community Access Partnership (ReCAP) funded by the United Kingdom Aid (UKaid) program, a project entitled ‘Development of Specifications for Low Volume Sealed Roads through Back Analysis’ was carried out. Previous studies on the performance of low volume sealed roads have emphasized the importance of good drainage to ensure good performance. The emphasis has been on providing sealed shoulders, adequate crown height, and adequate camber. These studies have not related these cross-sectional features with materials characteristics. This paper investigates the influence of each of these features on the performance of low volume sealed roads and their relation to pavement materials. The features were considered each one at time, using a matrix of three levels of the value of each feature and three levels of performance categories. Thus, presenting a 3 × 3 performance matrix for each factor. Assessment of the matrices showed that provision of sealed shoulders permits the use of materials of higher plasticity (PI ≤ 16 and PM ≤ 560) without compromising performance compared to that permissible for sections with unsealed shoulders (PI ≤ 10 and PM ≤ 240). These results can be used to supplement existing selection criteria for road base material of low volume roads.

Strength and Behavior of Materials for Low-Volume Roads as Affected by Moisture and Density

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Paige-Green
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Pavement Materials ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
And Behavior

The relationships among strength, moisture, and density in pavement subgrades and layerworks are well known, but they have particular significance in low-volume roads. In these roads, the specified density is frequently not achieved (quality assurance testing tends to be reduced), and moisture fluctuations are more severe with greater consequences. Traditional studies of the material strength for these roads in southern Africa are based almost entirely on the California bearing ratio (CBR), a test with inherent problems. The test is routinely carried out to identify whether the materials under consideration have the required soaked strengths (typically CBRs of 80% or 45% for bases of different standards) at the design compaction density. Studies of the CBR at different moisture contents and densities should be carried out to identify the implications of variations in these properties on the behavior of pavement materials. A simple technique to be carried out during conventional laboratory testing was developed. Aspects pertaining to this type of study were evaluated, and the findings were related to low-volume road behavior.

Economic Impact Assessment of Mega-Events in the United Kingdom and Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1044-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shui Ki Wan ◽  
Haiyan Song
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mega Events ◽  
Economic Impact Assessment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Hosting mega-events is often perceived as a way to stimulate economic growth through tourism. However, the cost of infrastructure investments and promotion may outweigh the benefits generated by the mega-events. Measuring the impact of such events on a hosting country’s economy is not easy, especially as mega-events generally involve many sectors of a destination’s economy. In this study, we adopt a panel data approach to evaluate the impact of the London Olympic Games, Brazil World Cup, and Rio Olympic Games on the economic growth of the respective destinations. Using cross-sectional correlations between countries, we construct scenarios in which the hosting countries did not hold the mega-events and then estimate the time-varying impact of the events on the economy. The developed and developing countries exhibit different results.

An exploration of the relationship between adverse events on the farm and suicidal ideation in farmers

2021 ◽  
pp. 002076402110577
Author(s):  
Laura Phalp ◽  
Rhiannon Corcoran ◽  
Catrin Eames ◽  
Aarun Naik
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
National Average ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The risk of suicide for agricultural workers in parts of the United Kingdom (UK) is almost twice the national average. Existing literature has suggested that adverse farming events, where failure is determined by uncontrollable and unpredictable forces, may be to blame. Yet, the impact of such events on farmer suicidality has not been explicitly explored. Aims: The present paper therefore aimed to investigate the relationship between adverse farming events and suicidal ideation in farmers. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire battery was disseminated between July 2018 and February 2019, and completed by 170 adult farmers. Results: Over a 12-month period, 88.8% reported that they had experienced an adverse farming event and 32.9% said that they had experienced suicidal thoughts. Correlational analysis revealed a relationship between these variables. Conclusions: The high prevalence of suicidal ideation within farmers demonstrates a critical need for intervention. Likewise, the prevalence of adverse farming events suggests that interventions need to be appropriately tailored, with greater understanding about the impact of such events on the mental wellbeing of farmers.

scholarly journals The impact of elderly social care in the United Kingdom: migrants’ perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osinachi Akanwa Ekeagwu ◽  
Stanley Idika Ukpai
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Elderly Care ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

Due to the growing elderly population in the United Kingdom, there is increasing demand for formal carers. Research suggests that elderly care may be associated with adverse impacts, however not much is known about migrants who constitute a considerable proportion of formal carers. Given that migrants already face peculiar challenges related to cultural assimilation and social integration, it becomes necessary to investigate the impact of a burdensome yet well sought job among them. This study therefore aimed to investigate the impact (burden and benefit) of elderly social care among migrant carers. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used and data obtained through snowball sampling using web-based questionnaires. Majority of participants (51.6%) confirmed that the choice of the job was financially motivated, even though most (63.3%) experienced stress. Apparently, the perceived stress was related to frustrations stemming from their skills not being fully utilised, but unrelated to gender, prior experience and cultural background. Nevertheless, 66.7% remained happy to recommend their job to others. The inherent caregiver burden should be recognised and addressed by all parties involved including the carers, employers and policy makers. Although the avoidance of caregiver burden entirely may be impossible, there should be room for decreasing this impact and providing respite for those already affected.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Cancer Symptom Experience and Help-Seeking Behaviour in the United Kingdom: A Cross-Sectional Population Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Quinn-Scoggins ◽  
Rebecca Cannings-John ◽  
Yvonne Moriarty ◽  
Victoria Whitelock ◽  
Katriina L. Whitaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Symptom Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Help Seeking Behaviour ◽  
The Impact

Application of Highway Development and Management Tool for Low-Volume Roads

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Veeraragavan ◽  
K. B. Rathnakara Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Strategy Analysis ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Suitable Framework ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
The Impact

Connectivity is a key component of rural development in developing countries. Traditionally, many road organizations budget and program for road works on a historical basis. An objective, needs-based approach is necessary with knowledge of the content, structure, and condition of the roads being managed. The Highway Development and Management Tool (HDM-4) provides a suitable framework for such an approach. From the available traffic and condition surveys, nine representative low-volume road sections with varying geometry and pavement condition are analyzed. The types of vehicles using the roads are two- and three-wheelers; standard medium buses; standard minibuses; light commercial vehicles; two-axle trucks, cars, and tractors among the motorized traffic; and bullock cart and bicycle among the nonmotorized traffic, which are the conventional modes of transport for low-volume roads in developing countries. The purpose of the study is to forecast budget requirements and predict performance trends by applying the strategy analysis of HDM-4 to low-volume roads. The analysis was carried out for two objective functions: to maximize the net present value and to minimize the total costs for a target international roughness index. The design period was 20 years; economic indicators were determined at a discount rate of 12%. Two investment alternatives, namely, a desired maintenance and an ideal maintenance, are compared with the do-minimum alternative. The study reveals that the strategy application of HDM-4 can be used for managing low-volume roads effectively. The tool will help in forecasting budget requirements and assessing the impact of various investment alternatives.

Psychological Characteristics and Predictors of Suicide Probability in High-Risk Prisoners

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Gooding ◽  
Nicholas Tarrier ◽  
Graham Dunn ◽  
Yvonne Awenat ◽  
Jennifer Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Prison Inmates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are highly prevalent in prisoners. Nevertheless, there have been scant attempts to understand suicidality in prisoners from a psychological perspective. The goals of this study were to characterize a prison sample at high risk of suicide in terms of hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment, and to determine which of these variables predicted suicidality. A cross-sectional questionnaire design was used. Measures of hopelessness, defeat, entrapment, and suicide probability were administered to male prison inmates in the United Kingdom. Defeat and hopelessness, especially the affective component of hopelessness, predicted the probability of suicide in this sample, but entrapment was not a significant predictor. Suicide risk assessment procedures in prisons tend to be sparse. Such procedures would benefit from using measures of hopelessness and defeat. Future work should aim to understand how the impact of these psychological constructs on suicidality in prisoners can be attenuated.

scholarly journals Comparing Public Perceptions and Preventive Behaviors During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom: Cross-sectional Survey Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Bowman ◽  
Kin On Kwok ◽  
Rozlyn Redd ◽  
Yuanyuan Yi ◽  
Helen Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Given the public health responses to previous respiratory disease pandemics, and in the absence of treatments and vaccines, the mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic relies on population engagement in nonpharmaceutical interventions. This engagement is largely driven by risk perception, anxiety levels, and knowledge, as well as by historical exposure to disease outbreaks, government responses, and cultural factors. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare psychobehavioral responses in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Comparable cross-sectional surveys were administered to adults in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom during the early phase of the epidemic in each setting. Explanatory variables included demographics, risk perception, knowledge of COVID-19, anxiety level, and preventive behaviors. Responses were weighted according to census data. Logistic regression models, including effect modification to quantify setting differences, were used to assess the association between the explanatory variables and the adoption of social distancing measures. RESULTS Data from 3431 complete responses (Hong Kong, 1663; United Kingdom, 1768) were analyzed. Perceived severity of symptoms differed by setting, with weighted percentages of 96.8% for Hong Kong (1621/1663) and 19.9% for the United Kingdom (366/1768). A large proportion of respondents were abnormally or borderline anxious (Hong Kong: 1077/1603, 60.0%; United Kingdom: 812/1768, 46.5%) and regarded direct contact with infected individuals as the transmission route of COVID-19 (Hong Kong: 94.0%-98.5%; United Kingdom: 69.2%-93.5%; all percentages weighted), with Hong Kong identifying additional routes. Hong Kong reported high levels of adoption of various social distancing measures (Hong Kong: 32.6%-93.7%; United Kingdom: 17.6%-59.0%) and mask-wearing (Hong Kong: 98.8% (1647/1663); United Kingdom: 3.1% (53/1768)). The impact of perceived severity of symptoms and perceived ease of transmission of COVID-19 on the adoption of social distancing measures varied by setting. In Hong Kong, these factors had no impact, whereas in the United Kingdom, those who perceived their symptom severity as “high” were more likely to adopt social distancing (adjusted odds ratios [aORs] 1.58-3.01), and those who perceived transmission as “easy” were prone to adopt both general social distancing (aOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.57-2.55) and contact avoidance (aOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.41-2.30). The impact of anxiety on adopting social distancing did not vary by setting. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that health officials should ascertain baseline levels of risk perception and knowledge in populations, as well as prior sensitization to infectious disease outbreaks, during the development of mitigation strategies. Risk should be communicated through suitable media channels—and trust should be maintained—while early intervention remains the cornerstone of effective outbreak response.

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