scholarly journals MEREVIU BASIS PEMAJAKAN PERUSAHAAN PELAYARAN NASIONAL BERDASARKAN “DEEMED PROFIT” ATAS PENGHASILAN DARI USAHA ANGKUTAN LAUT

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-140
Author(s):  
Chairil Anwar Pohan
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Shipping Company ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
The Law ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Rate Of Profit

Since Legislative Assembly approved Law No. 7 of 1983 on Income Tax, as last amended by the Law No. 36 of 2008 (so there are four time changes, namely by the Law No. 7 of 1991, then No. 10 of 1994, furthermore No. 17 of 2000 and the last No. 36 of 2008), but the base of the domestic and overseas shipping company taxation which apply Special Calculation Norm of Net Income (deemed profit) for the national and overseas shipping companies taxpayers with the application of Article 15 of the Income Tax (Final Tax) did not change either in the tax rates and the tax bases, whereas the corporate tax rate (Article 17 paragraph 1) has changed from the Law No. 7 of 1983 with progressive rates levying at the rate of 10% -35% with the last change to a flat rate of 25% in the Law No. 36 of 2008. Similarly, the Tax Base used appear to have been unreasonable to overseas shipping Net Income amounted to 6%. Tax Base which reflects the rate of return the company is used as a base taxation income tax shipping company seems too low, compared with the rate of profit (net profit after tax) obtained by shipping companies at home and abroad. These conditions certainly result in low tax revenue from the shipping sector, and on the other aspects of the fulfillment of tax fairness rules also disrupted due to the shipping company suffered a loss nonetheless pay a final tax (VAT Article 15).

THE COMPARISON OF CORPORATE INCOME TAX IN LATVIA AND LITHUANIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Jūlija Ščeglova ◽  
Iveta Mietule
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Advance Payment ◽  
Tax Payers

Corporate income tax is one of the important taxes that provide revenues to the state budget. Article contains a comparison between Latvian and Lithuanian existing legislation relating to corporate income tax, studied differences between the tax rates, tax base, tax period and taxpayers. Were described differences that are related to the advance payment calculation, as well as created an example that shows how advance payments are calculated in Latvian and Lithuanian companies. As a result, it was found that there are several common features in the Latvian and Lithuanian legislation, with regard to corporate income tax, for example, the tax payers, taxation period, tax rate, the taxable amount. But there are several differences, such as the nuances of rates for non-residents, depending on the type of revenue, advance payment deadlines and other particularities of the calculation of the advance payments. Also differ corporate income tax payment deadlines. It was concluded that making advance payments in Lithuanian enterprises is more profitable, because it was calculated that at the same conditions, the amount of advances in Lithuania is lower than in Latvia.

scholarly journals Effective Taxation of Top Incomes in Germany

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bach ◽  
Giacomo Corneo ◽  
Viktor Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Income Tax Reform

Abstract We exploit a dataset that includes the individual tax returns of all taxpayers in the top percentile of the income distribution in Germany to pin down the effective income taxation of households with very high incomes. Taking tax base erosion into account, we find that the top percentile of the income distribution pays an effective average tax rate of 30.5% and contributes more than a quarter of total income tax revenue. Within the top percentile, the effective average tax rate is first increasing, then decreasing, with income. Since the 1990s, effective average tax rates for the German super-rich have fallen by about a third, with major reductions occurring in the wake of the personal income tax reform of 2001-05. As a result, the concentration of net incomes at the very top of the distribution has strongly increased in Germany.

Taxation in a mixed economy: the case of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davidson Sinclair ◽  
Larry Li
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
For Profit

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Chinese firms’ ownership structure is related to their effective tax rate. The People’s Republic of China provides an interesting environment to examine the corporate income tax. Government has significant ownership stakes in the for-profit economy and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are liable to the corporate income tax. This is very different to most other economies where SOE tends to dominate the not-for-profit economy and pays no corporate income tax. Government ownership also varies between the central government and local government in addition to state asset management bureaus. This provides a rich institutional background to examining the corporate income tax. Design/methodology/approach A panel data analysis approach is used to examine relationship between ownership structure and effective tax rates of all public firms in China from 1999 to 2009. Findings The authors report that effective tax rates do appear to vary across the ownership types, but that SOEs pay a statistically higher effective tax rate than to non-state-owned. In addition, local government owned SOE pay higher effective tax rates than central government and SAMB owned SOE. The authors also investigate Zimmerman’s (1983) political cost hypothesis. Unfortunately, these results are econometrically fragile with the statistical significance of those results varying by empirical technique. Originality/value This paper provides insight into government ownership and taxation in China.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN PASAL 21 PEGAWAI TETAP DAN PENETAPAN AKUNTNASI PADA PT. BANK SULUTGO (PERSERO) TBK. CABANG UTAMA

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seruni J. Prang ◽  
Sifrid S. Pangemanan ◽  
Harijanto Sabijono
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Director General ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
The Law ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
Descriptive Method

Income tax article 21 is a tax on income which becomes the obligation of taxpayer to pay for it. Income in the form of salary, honorarium, allowances and other payments with any name in connection with the work, services or activities undertaken by the taxpayer of a domestic individual. The law used to regulate the amount of tax rates, the procedure of payment and tax reporting is the law No. 36 of 2008. The purpose of this study is to find out how to analyze the calculation of income tax article 21 fixed employment and accounting application of PT. Bank SulutGo (Persero) Tbk. Cabang Utama. The method of analysis used in this research is descriptive method that is discussing the problem by collecting, deciphering, calculating, comparing and explaining a situasion so that it can be drawn conclusion covering the calculation of pph article 21 and accounting for permanent employees at PT. Bank SulutGo (Persero). Based on the results of the study found that the calculation of income tax article 21 at PT. Bank SulutGo (Persero), is in compliances with the new taxation legislation, namely law no. 36 of 2008 on income tax and the regulation of the director general of tax number PER-16/PJ/2016.Keywords:  accounting, income tax article 21

scholarly journals PROBABILITY MODEL OF POVERTY CALCULATION SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF INCOME TAXATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Andrej Vyacheslavovich Mikheev
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Tax Systems

The article highlights a probabilistic model constructed for calculating the number of poor and the total income tax levied on all taxpayers under different income tax systems. There is considered the proportional income tax system adopted in the Russian Federation, as well as single-stage systems with both fixed and variable tax rates, in which individuals with low incomes are exempted from income tax. For these tax systems there have been found the dependences of the expected value of the number of the poor and the total income tax on the tax rate, tax-free minimum, and also on the laws of probabilities distribution of total income and the living wage of an individual. A numerical simulation of the found dependences was carried out. The conditions under which the abolition of income tax for individuals with low incomes reduces the number of poor were determined. Mathematical criteria are formulated with the help of which it is possible to assess the feasibility of moving from a proportional system to single-stage income tax systems.

scholarly journals Evaluation the impact of the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic in 2021 on effective tax rate and tax progressivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
M. Krajňák ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Income Tax Reform

Legislation governing personal income taxation is often subject to changes. A significant personal income tax reform was carried out in the Czech Republic in 2021. The reform implements a progressive tax rate, changes the way the tax base is determined, and increases the tax relief for the taxpayer. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the personal income tax reform on the effective tax rate and tax progressivity. To that end, methods of regression analysis have been used. The source of information for analysis was the data published by the Czech Statistical Office. It was found that in 2021, in comparison with 2020, the tax burden represented in this study by the effective tax rate, in all cases became lower, approximately by 5%. The main reason for this decline is the adjustment of the method of construction of the tax base, which, for the first time in the history of the Income Tax Act, is gross wages. Until the end of 2020, the tax base was a super-gross wage, or the gross wage increased by social security contribution borne by the employer at his costs. The second factor that reduces the tax burden is a CZK 3,000 increase in the deduction per taxpayer per year. This fact increases the degree of tax progressivity, as confirmed by the results of the progressivity analysis and the regression analysis. The changes that have taken place in the personal income tax this year have a positive impact on the taxpayer, but from the point of view of the state, this reform has reduced the state budget revenues.

scholarly journals Beneficial ownership of income as an antiabusive measure in Serbian Tax Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (88) ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Miloš Vasović
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Double Taxation ◽  
Current Function ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Treaty Shopping ◽  
Beneficial Ownership ◽  
The One

The Serbian Corporate Income Tax Act contains a provision on the beneficial ownership of income (hereinafter: the BO provision), which is one of the conditions for the application of the preferential tax rate on income tax after tax deduction, which is envisaged in Treaties for the avoidance of Double Taxation on income and capital (hereinafter: Double Taxation Treaties/ DTTs). The subject matter of research in this paper is the term "beneficial ownership", which is not defined in the Corportate Income Tax Act. It may ultimately lead to abusing the preferential tax rates from the DTTs in tax planning and "treaty shopping" through the use of conduit companies. Tax experts have different opinions on the legal nature of the BO provision, which is given the function of an anti-abusive measure (on the one hand) and a rule for the attribution of income (on the other hand). The author analyzes the current function of the BO provision envisaged in the Serbian Serbian Corporate Income Tax Act (CITA), and its inadequate application. The author advocates for enacting the BO provision as an anti-abusive measure, and examines the possible application of the BO provision in domestic tax law, with reference to Articles 10, 11, and 12 of the DTTs that Serbia contracted with other states, as well as Articles 10-12 of the OECD Model-Convention on Income and Capital (2017) and Commentaries on these articles. Such an application of the BO provision may preclude "treaty shopping". In final remarks, the author points out why the BO provision should be envisaged as an anti-abusive measure in Serbian tax law.

Do State Sales Taxes Crowd Out Local Option Sales Taxes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Burge ◽  
Cynthia L. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Sales Taxes ◽  
Fiscal Externalities ◽  
Crowd Out ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Fiscal Spillovers

Abstract Currently, sales taxes are imposed at both the state and local levels in 37 US states. In these environments, vertical tax competition occurs as governments share a common sales tax base, and local jurisdictions have autonomy over sales tax rates. As cash-strapped states look to sales taxes for additional revenues, local governments may worry about potentially adverse revenue impacts, as consumers react to combined tax rate increases. This study examines state-municipal and county-municipal fiscal spillovers using an empirical approach that accounts for endogenous tax policy leadership and voter tax fatigue. Employing comprehensive longitudinal data from Oklahoma, we find that state tax hikes significantly crowd out future rate increases for the large group of jurisdictions that are designated as followers. Leader jurisdictions are not found to display crowd-out tendencies, a result that is consistent with recent work suggesting that leaders may be less influenced by vertical fiscal externalities than other jurisdictions.

Strategic Choice of Presentation Format: The Case of ETR Reconciliations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Chychyla ◽  
Diana Falsetta ◽  
Sundaresh Ramnath
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Strategic Choice ◽  
Presentation Format ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Explicit Mention ◽  
Disclosure Strategy ◽  
Minimize Costs

To minimize costs related to unfavorable perceptions of their tax-related activities, firms with low effective tax rates (ETR) could avoid, where possible, explicit mentions of their effective tax rates. Using this reputational cost perspective we study an item of required disclosure in the income tax footnote of the 10-K, the ETR reconciliation table, where firms can choose a presentation format that reveals the tax rate (the percentage format) or one that avoids explicit mention of the effective tax rate (the dollar format). We find that firms with low ETRs are 24 percent more likely to use the dollar format, and are also less likely to mention their tax rates elsewhere in their disclosures, consistent with the choice of dollar format reflecting a firm's overall tax disclosure strategy. Analysts' tax expense forecasts are less accurate for dollar format firms, suggesting higher processing costs associated with tax-related disclosures for these firms.

Ocena skutków regulacji zawartych w poselskim projekcie ustawy o podatku od niektórych usług cyfrowych i Funduszu Technologii Cyfrowych

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (70) ◽  
pp. 202-212
Author(s):  
Jacek Kulicki
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Digital Services ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local

In the opinion of the author, doubts are raised as to the manner of determining the scope of the tax and the tax base by relating these elements of the tax to the so-called significant digital presence of the digital sector enterprise in the territory of Poland. The amount of the tax rate (7%) also raises doubts. The introduction of a tax on certain digital services may also be associated with a decrease in income tax revenues of the state and local government budgets.

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