Water use in South Carolina, 1985

1990 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Water Use

Examination of the potential to reduce water application rates in pine wet decks

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 672-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEATH RAYBON ◽  
LAURENCE SCHIMLECK ◽  
KIM LOVE-MYERS ◽  
FINTO ANTONY ◽  
JOE SANDERS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Wet Storage ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Do So

Wet storage of logs under sprinklers is a common method for maintaining log quality and consistent fiber supply to wood production facilities. Because of increased concerns regarding water use, mills in the southeastern United States are interested in refining water application strategies. To do so, we need to examine how log moisture varies with time and in response to differing water application rates. We used time domain reflectometry (TDR) to examine variation in log moisture of southern pine logs in response to nominal water application (100 mm/day) and a 30% reduction in water use at two woodyards (Santee in South Carolina and Dry Creek in Alabama) over a 15-month period. Initially significant differences between treatments were observed, but differences only existed for a short period, indicating that a 30% reduction in the amount of water applied results in little change in log moisture or quality.

scholarly journals Differences in Biomass Production and Water Use Efficiency among Seven Different Cover Crops in the Wet Winter Seasons of 2016/17 and 2018 in South Carolina

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Ricardo St Aime ◽  
Geoffrey W. Zehnder ◽  
Christopher Talley ◽  
Sruthi Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Species Mixture ◽  
Use Efficiency

Cover crops can protect soil health and increase climate resilience of crop production systems. Agronomic crop producers in the southern USA often demand information on the best cover crops for their locality and cropping system and on the potential impacts of cover crops on stored soil water. The present research evaluated biomass production and water use efficiency (WUE) of single species and multispecies winter cover crops in South Carolina. Overall, a five-species mixture of Austrian winter pea, rye, crimson clover, hairy vetch, and oats and a single species of rye had the greatest biomass production (4600–6480 kg ha−1) at the end of the season (19 April 2017 in season-1 and 10 May 2018 in season-2). The five-species mixture also had the greatest WUE (2184–2232 g m−3). None of the cover crops depleted soil water (in 60 cm depth) greater than a weed-free fallow maintained through herbicide application and a weedy fallow (no herbicide application). Since both the seasons, in which the present study was conducted, received greater than normal rainfall, further studies should verify the applicability of the results in dry years.

scholarly journals Water Users’ Perspectives: Summary of Withdrawal Survey Responses and Commentary

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alex Pellett ◽  
Thomas Walker
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Water Users ◽  
State Water ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Survey Responses

The state of South Carolina is currently in a multiyear process of updating the State Water Plan, and water demand projections are an important component of that work. Predictions of water demand are inherently uncertain, but perhaps they can benefit from input by a diverse and robust sample of water users. A brief survey regarding water use was distributed to 780 permitted and registered water users in the state, including all water suppliers, industries, and irrigators withdrawing more than 3 million gallons in a month or more than 100,000 gallons in a day. There are 316 responses to 10 quantitative survey items that are summarized, presented, and discussed. Results indicate that most respondents plan to maintain their current levels of water use, consider their withdrawal reports to be accurate within 10%, and believe their current water supplies to be critical to their enterprise. A qualitative review of comments noted on survey responses includes a variety of potential drivers of water demand. The results motivate a discussion of recommendations for future research.

Balancing Fisheries Management and Water Uses for Impounded River Systems

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Regulated River ◽  
Electric Power Plants ◽  
Water Uses ◽  
Operating Regimes ◽  
Hydrologic Conditions

<em>Abstract</em>.—The Catawba-Wateree river basin is a highly regulated system in North Carolina and South Carolina that includes 11 main-stem reservoirs and four regulated riverine reaches. The reservoirs support typical southeastern U.S. warmwater fisheries, while the riverine reaches support a variety of species, including trout and several diadromous fishs. The reservoirs and regulated river reaches provide multiple uses, including hydroelectric generation, drinking water, cooling water for electric power plants, recreation, and residential development. As part of the relicensing process for the hydroelectric developments, many stakeholders were convened to study and negotiate a comprehensive relicensing agreement. A computer model was used to assess the combined effects of various operating regimes, water-use amounts, and hydrologic conditions on reservoir levels, river flows, and hydroelectric generation. The model used projections of the effects of increased population growth, water use, and reservoir sedimentation for a period 50 years into the future. Model outputs were postprocessed to further understand the impacts to aquatic habitat, recreation, aesthetics, hydropower generation, and water supply. Although future demand for water resources exceeded the available supply under some conditions, an acceptable balance was reached after extensive negotiation. The objectives of this paper are to describe how the relicensing process was used to arrive at a balanced management plan for water and other resources in a large basin, describe some of the tools used to assist the decision-making process, and to list some important lessons that can assist others in designing a framework for other water allocation efforts.

Sapflow and water use of freshwater wetland trees exposed to saltwater incursion in a tidally influenced South Carolina watershed

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken W. Krauss ◽  
Jamie A. Duberstein
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Forested Wetlands ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Freshwater Wetland ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Osmotic Balance ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
A Site

Sea-level rise and anthropogenic activity promote salinity incursion into many tidal freshwater forested wetlands. Interestingly, individual trees can persist for decades after salt impact. To understand why, we documented sapflow (Js), reduction in Jswith sapwood depth, and water use (F) of baldcypress ( Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) trees undergoing exposure to salinity. The mean Jsof individual trees was reduced by 2.8 g H2O·m–2·s–1(or by 18%) in the outer sapwood on a saline site versus a freshwater site; however, the smallest trees, present only on the saline site, also registered the lowest Js. Hence, tree size significantly influenced the overall site effect on Js. Trees undergoing perennial exposure to salt used greater relative amounts of water in outer sapwood than in inner sapwood depths, which identifies a potentially different strategy for baldcypress trees coping with saline site conditions over decades. Overall, individual trees used 100 kg H2O·day–1on a site that remained relatively fresh versus 23.9 kg H2O·day–1on the saline site. We surmise that perennial salinization of coastal freshwater forests forces shifts in individual-tree osmotic balance and water-use strategy to extend survival time on suboptimal sites, which further influences growth and morphology.

An Ultrastructural Comparison of Hepatocytes from ADH+ and ADH−Peromyscus Maniculatus

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
J. T. Ellzey ◽  
D. Borunda ◽  
B. P. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Model System ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Hepes Buffer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Color Scanner

Genetically alcohol deficient deer mice (ADHN/ADHN) (obtained from the Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center, Univ. of South Carolina) lack hepatic cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase. In order to determine if these deer mice would provide a model system for an ultrastructural study of the effects of ethanol on hepatocyte organelles, 75 micrographs of ADH+ adult male deer mice (n=5) were compared with 75 micrographs of ADH− adult male deer mice (n=5). A morphometric analysis of mitochondrial and peroxisomal parameters was undertaken.The livers were perfused with 0.1M HEPES buffer followed by 0.25% glutaraldehyde and 2% sucrose in 0.1M HEPES buffer (4C), removed, weighed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M HEPES buffer, pH 7.4, followed by a 3,3’ diaminobenzidine (DAB) incubation, postfixation with 2% OsO4, en bloc staining with 1% uranyl acetate in 0.025M maleate-NaOH buffer, dehydrated, embedded in Poly/Bed 812-BDMA epon resin, sectioned and poststained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Photographs were taken on a Zeiss EM-10 transmission electron microscope, scanned with a Howtek personal color scanner, analyzed with OPTIMAS 4.02 software on a Gateway2000 4DX2-66V personal computer and stored in Excel 4.0.

Use of the AMA Guides in State Workers' Compensation Systems: 2009 Update

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
Jenny Walker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Specific Guideline ◽  
Compensation Systems

Abstract The AMAGuides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) is the most widely used basis for determining impairment and is used in state workers’ compensation systems, federal systems, automobile casualty, and personal injury, as well as by the majority of state workers’ compensation jurisdictions. Two tables summarize the edition of the AMA Guides used and provide information by state. The fifth edition (2000) is the most commonly used edition: California, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Vermont, and Washington. Eleven states use the sixth edition (2007): Alaska, Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Wyoming. Eight states still commonly make use of the fourth edition (1993): Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, South Dakota, Texas, and West Virginia. Two states use the Third Edition, Revised (1990): Colorado and Oregon. Connecticut does not stipulate which edition of the AMA Guides to use. Six states use their own state specific guidelines (Florida, Illinois, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, and Wisconsin), and six states do not specify a specific guideline (Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Virginia). Statutes may or may not specify which edition of the AMA Guides to use. Some states use their own guidelines for specific problems and use the Guides for other issues.

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