"Wychódźc", "Pcim" i "Rzgów". Grupy spółgłoskowe w nazwach miejscowości w świetle fonotaktyki polskiej

Język Polski ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jaskuła ◽  
Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska
Keyword(s):  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Substantial Modification ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Language Data

The paper undertakes an interesting and largely under-researched issue of initial and final consonant clusters in many Polish place names which are either unattested in common words or occur only in isolated cases, as illustrated by the examples provided in the title. The presentation of the relevant language data is followed by a brief description of the historical sources of such clusters which involve sound changes (e.g. disappearance of weak vowels, palatalization and segment metathesis), as well as borrowings from other languages and local dialects. Next, the discussion focuses on the place the names in question should occupy in the Polish phonotactic system. The authors argue that equating phonotactic well-formedness with structures attested in language and ill-formedness with those which are unattested is too simplistic. A solid analysis of the aforementioned issues requires a substantial modification and introduction of several subtler distinctions. They claim, therefore, that phonotactic restrictions form a scale, with well-formed and ill-formed sound sequences appearing at its extremities and with rare consonant clusters and those found only in place names and some borrowings located in the middle.

scholarly journals Old Romance place names in early South Slavic and late Proto-Slavic sound changes

Linguistica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
Matej Šekli
Keyword(s):  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Slavic Language ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Nasal Vowels ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Sound Changes

The analysis of Old Romance geographical names in early South Slavic confirms that the majority of late Proto-Slavic sound changes were still operative in the period of the earliest Old Romance-Slavic language contacts in the Balkan Peninsula and eastern Alps from the second half of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century onwards. Phonetic substitutions of the type Rom. *kE, *gE → Sl. *c, *ʒ (Balk. Rom. *Kersu → Sl. *Cersъ, Balk. Rom. *Gīla → Sl. *Ʒiĺa) and Rom. *auC → Sl. *ovC (Balk. Rom. *Laurentiu > *Laurenču → Sl. *Lovręčь) point to the fact that the first palatalization of velars as well as the monophthongization of the inherited diphthongs were no longer among the ongoing processes. All other late Proto-Slavic sound changes were either still operative or only took place after the borrowing. This is confirmed by the relative chronology of the following set of Romance-Slavic correspondences: simplification of consonant clusters: Rom. *ps → Sl. *s (Balk. Rom. *Apsaru → Sl. *Osorъ), development of prothetic consonants: Rom. *ū- → Sl. *uū- > *vy- (Alp. Rom. *Ūdẹnu → Sl. *(V)ydьnъ), simplification of j-clusters: Rom. *Ci → Sl. *Cʹ (Balk. Rom. *Arsia → Sl. *Orša), delabialization of *o after *r: Rom. *ro → Sl. *ry > *ri (Rom. *Roma → Sl. *Rymъ > *Rimъ), second regressive palatalization of velars (see above Sl. *Cersъ, *Ʒiĺa), rise of nasal vowels: Rom. *ENC, *ONC → Sl. *ęC, *ǫC (Balk. Rom. *Parentiu > *Parenču → Sl. *Poręčь, Balk. Rom. *Karantānu → Sl. *Korǫtanъ), progressive palatalization of velars: Rom. *Ek, *Eg → Sl. *c, *ʒ (Balk. Rom. *Longātẹku → Sl. *Lǫgatьcь), delabialization of *ū1 > *y: Rom. *ū/*o → Sl. *y (Balk. Rom. *Allūviu → Sl. *Olybъ), labialization of *a > *o: Rom. *a → Sl. *o (Balk. Rom. *Kapra → Sl. *Koprъ), vowel reduction of *i, *u > *ь, *ъ: Rom. *ẹ, *ọ → Sl. *ь, *ъ (Balk. Rom. *Kọrẹku → Sl. *Kъrьkъ, Balk. Rom. *Tọrre → Sl. *Tъrъ).

scholarly journals Crowd sourcing Welsh language data in the Covid era

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Evans
Keyword(s):  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
Historic Sites ◽  
The Public ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Welsh Language ◽  
Crowdsourced Data ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Historic Record

Welsh language place names risk being forgotten as people choose to use English versions of street names, properties, towns and villages and even rename properties with English names. Many official datasets for historic buildings in Wales do not record the original Welsh names. This presentation will look at how we have adapted our projects to work online during the Pandemic, and how we are crowdsourcing Welsh names of Wales' built heritage and adding them to Wikidata. The talk will focus on the activities of our recent Wicipics project which saw the public contribute remotely, creating Welsh language data and sharing their openly licenced images of historic sites in their area. This session will also look at how we might use this data to enrich our historic record. For example, by combining with OpenStreetMap to develop a Welsh language map interface and by sharing our crowdsourced data with 3rd party websites and other Welsh heritage organisations.

Intelligibility in Chinese English Spoken in Central China

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-465
Author(s):  
Weijing Zhou ◽  
David Deterding ◽  
Francis Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Central China ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Place Names ◽  
High Level

Abstract It is widely accepted nowadays that intelligibility is the essential goal for most learners of English, and it is not necessary for them to mimic all aspects of native-speaker English in order to achieve a high level of intelligibility. However, the features that are needed in order to make oneself easily understood by listeners from elsewhere remain controversial. The current research focuses on thirteen five-minute recordings of conversations between young speakers of English in central China and an interviewer from Britain, in order to determine which features of their speech gave rise to misunderstandings. It was found that, in the 18 tokens of misunderstanding identified, 4 resulted from lexical semantics (22%), 3 from Chinese place names (17%), 3 from grammar (17%) , and 11 from pronunciation (61%) (with some tokens cross-classified). The most common phonological factors giving rise to loss of intelligibility were omission of syllables and simplification of word-initial consonant clusters.

APPROACH OF THE CARTOGRAPHICAL METHOD FOR THE RESEARCH OF THE ORIGINS OF PLACE NAMES AND SURNAMES OF SOUTHEASTERN LATGALE

Via Latgalica ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Otīlija Kovaļevska
Keyword(s):  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Family Names ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

<p><em>The prevailing majority of contemporary village names of Latgale in historical sources can be traced back to the 18<sup>th </sup>century at least, whereas surnames, many of which have been preserved up to now, were extensively mentioned already in the 18<sup>th</sup> century and even in earlier documents. The striking similarity between the village names and surnames evidently points to their relatedness and raises questions about their origin. Despite the large number of these onyms, many village names and surnames are unique, characterizing a certain region, parish, or even village. To some extent, surnames in Latgale are a geographical reality, and as well as place names, they can be investigated by means of the cartographic methods.</em><em></em></p><p><em>The aim of the article is to demonstrate the benefits of using maps in research of the origins of the place names and surnames in Latgale. Applying the maps, the attempt has been made to look at the formation of village names throughout the centuries as well as to find out what the relationship between the family names and place names is. For this purpose the oldest available sources of place names and surnames of Latgale were used, trying to project them on modern maps and searching for correlations. For the research southeastern Latgale has been chosen, since a relatively large number of the 16<sup>th</sup>–18<sup>th</sup> century documents, containing personal names and place names are available regarding this region. Since the field of the research is very wide and each name has its own individual history, only general correlations and traditions were searched for. Nevertheless, the examples mentioned in the article illustrate the opportunities that the projection of ancient sources on the modern map provides.</em><em></em></p><p><em>The main sources used in this research were various documents of revision and inventories from the 16<sup>th</sup>–18<sup>th</sup> centuries, partly digitized by the National Historical Archives metrics and materials of revision dated to 1772, as well as some other 16<sup>th</sup>–18<sup>th</sup> century documents, containing place names and surnames, as well as maps of various periods. To identificate place names on modern maps the Database of Geographical Names http://vietvardi.lgia.gov.lv/</em><em> and Map Browser http://kartes.lgia.gov.lv/karte/ maintained by the Latvian Geospatial Information Agency (LGIA) have been used.</em></p>

English Language

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey K. Pullum
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
World Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Basic Order ◽  
Phonological System

English is both the most studied of the world’s languages and the most widely used. It comes closer than any other language to functioning as a world communication medium and is very widely used for governmental purposes. This situation is the result of a number of historical accidents of different magnitudes. The linguistic properties of the language itself would not have motivated its choice (contra the talk of prescriptive usage writers who stress the clarity and logic that they believe English to have). Divided into multiple dialects, English has a phonological system involving remarkably complex consonant clusters and a large inventory of distinct vowel nuclei; a bad, confusing, and hard-to-learn alphabetic orthography riddled with exceptions, ambiguities, and failures of the spelling to correspond to the pronunciation; a morphology that is rather more complex than is generally appreciated, with seven or eight paradigm patterns and a couple of hundred irregular verbs; a large multilayered lexicon containing roots of several quite distinct historical sources; and a syntax that despite its very widespread SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) basic order in the clause is replete with tricky details. For example, there are crucial restrictions on government of prepositions, many verb-preposition idioms, subtle constraints on the intransitive prepositions known as “particles,” an important distinction between two (or under a better analysis, three) classes of verb that actually have different syntax, and a host of restrictions on the use of its crucial “wh-words.” It is only geopolitical and historical accidents that have given English its enormous importance and prestige in the world, not its inherent suitability for its role.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics in the dispersal of sign languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191100
Author(s):  
Justin M. Power ◽  
Guido W. Grimm ◽  
Johann-Mattis List
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Historical Comparative

The evolution of spoken languages has been studied since the mid-nineteenth century using traditional historical comparative methods and, more recently, computational phylogenetic methods. By contrast, evolutionary processes resulting in the diversity of contemporary sign languages (SLs) have received much less attention, and scholars have been largely unsuccessful in grouping SLs into monophyletic language families using traditional methods. To date, no published studies have attempted to use language data to infer relationships among SLs on a large scale. Here, we report the results of a phylogenetic analysis of 40 contemporary and 36 historical SL manual alphabets coded for morphological similarity. Our results support grouping SLs in the sample into six main European lineages, with three larger groups of Austrian, British and French origin, as well as three smaller groups centring around Russian, Spanish and Swedish. The British and Swedish lineages support current knowledge of relationships among SLs based on extra-linguistic historical sources. With respect to other lineages, our results diverge from current hypotheses by indicating (i) independent evolution of Austrian, French and Spanish from Spanish sources; (ii) an internal Danish subgroup within the Austrian lineage; and (iii) evolution of Russian from Austrian sources.

scholarly journals Ferd og frakt over fjell og vidde

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Kjetil Loftsgarden
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Surplus Production ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Law Texts

This study demonstrates how routes over mountain plateaus and passes connected farms, hamlets and regions. The routes enabled wide social and economic networks and were a prerequisite for regional surplus production in the Norwegian inland areas from the Viking Age.Iron, furs, skins and antlers were among the important commodities for farmers in the mountain and valley regions. These resources were exchanged for goods from the coastal areas, and it is likely that the purpose for much of the traffic over the mountains was trade. Medieval law texts and later historical sources indicate that the bulk of the traffic over mountains took place during the summer. The commodities were transported on packhorses or by foot.Using archaeological sites and findings, as well as place-names and historical sources, I have mapped the main mountain trails in South Norway. The historical significance of these communication routes are indicated by large burial sites, some consisting of hundreds of burial mounds, at the foot of several mountain crossings. These sites are testament to the great importance and value of communication and transportation across mountains passes – and its control – well before the extensive regional surplus production from the last half the Viking Age.

‘Gird your sword upon your thigh’ (Psalm 44: 3)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Márkus
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Viking Period

This chapter traces developments of the ninth century. We examine the Viking raids, and subsequent Norse occupation and settlement in some parts of the country. This process happened in different ways in different places, and archaeology, place-names and historical sources can help us to see some of the finer detail. An argument is made for a mid-ninth century turn to Christianity by some Norse settlers, along with their Gaelicisation in some areas and their alliances with native rulers in Scotland and Ireland. Other Norse polities – in Scotland, Ireland and northern England – remained a serious threat. Following destruction of the British kingdom of Alclud (Dumbarton) by the Dublin Norse, the re-location of Strathclyde power to Govan may witness a new British-Norse cohabitation and possible alliance. Meanwhile, the Gaelicisation of Pictland continued throughout the Viking period, until by the end of the ninth century ‘Pictland’ had become the Gaelic-speaking kingdom of Alba/Scotia – a re-branding exercise rather than a conquest. The implications of this new Gaelic identity are discussed through new readings of the sources for the ninth century (especially Pictish king lists and the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba).

scholarly journals A dynamical-systems approach to the evolution of morphonotactic and lexical consonant clusters in English and Polish

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Baumann ◽  
Kamil Kaźmierski
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Signaling Function ◽  
Language Data ◽  
The One

Abstract Consonant clusters appear either lexically within morphemes or morphonotactically across morpheme boundaries. According to extant theories, their diachronic dynamics are suggested to be determined by analogical effects on the one hand as well as by their morphological signaling function on the other hand. This paper presents a mathematical model which allows for an investigation of the interaction of these two forces and the resulting diachronic dynamics. The model is tested against synchronic and diachronic language data. It is shown that the evolutionary dynamics of the cluster inventory crucially depend on how the signaling function of morphonotactic clusters is compromised by the presence of lexical items containing their morpheme internal counterparts.

scholarly journals Ther varom mid j hia: Tracing linguistic diffusion in the history of Norwegian using kernel density estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-34
Author(s):  
Tam Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Density Estimation ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Kernel Density Estimation ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Gaussian Kernel ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Nearest Neighbours ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Language Data ◽  
History Of

Abstract Tracing the diffusion of linguistic innovations in space from historical sources is challenging. The complexity of the datasets needed in combination with the noisy reality of historical language data mean that it has not been practical until recently. However, bigger historical corpora with richer spatial and temporal information allow us to attempt it. This paper presents an investigation into changes affecting first person non-singular pronouns in the history of Norwegian: first, individual changes affecting the dual (vit > mit) and plural (vér > mér), followed by loss of the dual-plural distinction by merger into either form or replacement of both by Danish-Swedish vi. To create dynamic spatial visualisations of these changes, the use of kernel density estimation is proposed. This term covers a range of statistical tools depending on the kernel function. The paper argues for a Gaussian kernel in time and an adaptive uniform (k-nearest neighbours) kernel in space, allowing uncertainty or multiple localisation to be incorporated into calculations. The results for this dataset allow us to make a link between Modern Norwegian dialectological patterns and language use in the Middle Ages; they also exemplify different types of diffusion process in the spread of linguistic innovations.

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