scholarly journals A history of inequality: top incomes in Brazil, 1926/2014

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro H. G. F. Souza
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Top Income Shares ◽  
History Of ◽  
Very High

This paper uses income tax tabulations to estimate top income shares in Brazil over the long-run. Between 1926 and 2014, the concentration of income at the top remained very high, following a sine wave trend: top shares have ebbed and flowed over time, frequently in tandem with political and institutional disruptions. There is some evidence in favor of Williamson’s “missed levelling” hypothesis regarding the origins of Latin American exceptionally high levels of inequality, but the recent decline in inequality is cast in more dubious light, since top income shares remained quite stable since 2000 and the "tax-adjusted" Gini coefficient suggests a smaller and shorter, though still sizeable, decrease. I interpret the results in light of Brazil’s tumultuous political history and complement the analysis with international comparisons and a discussion of the role of institutions in shaping inequality.

scholarly journals Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Filip Novokmet
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE ARCHETYPE

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
S. B. Yerzhanova ◽  
◽  
K. K. Baidetova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Unconscious ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
Very High ◽  
Archetypal Images

In our article, we paid attention to the history of the concept of archetype, studied and analyzed the concepts of archetypal plot, motive, and stopped at its place in literature, mythology, psychology, and culture. We paid special attention to the work of the Swiss scientist-psychologist C. G. Jung, who introduced the term archetype into science and studied it in psychological, philosophical, and cultural aspects. Having identified the first archetypal images shown by Jung, we made an analysis, giving importance to the role of the concept of" collective unconscious " in the archetype. In addition, we determined the scientific significance of philological research. The concepts of archetypal plot and archetypal motif introduced by the Russian scientist Meletensky were defined, and examples of archetypal motifs and plots in mythology were given. We have analyzed the concepts of myth and archetype, citing the scientific justifications in the literature. The development of the mythical motif in the works of modern Kazakh writers requires a detailed study of the concept of archetype. At all times, literature cannot separate itself from its original source – myth. Since the Archetype is closely related to mythology, we believe that the importance of this topic is very high today.

Reviews: La Politique de la Solitude: Essai Sur la Philosophie Politique de J.-J. Rousseau, Rousseau and Nationalism, The Concept of Justice, Staat Und Souveränität, Band 1: Die Grundlagen, Representation, Equality, Governing without Consensus; An Irish Perspective, Ulster; A Case Study in Conflict Theory, Parliament and Congress, Administrative Theory and Public Administration, Management in Government, Studies in The Growth of Nineteenth-Century Government, The Price of Amenity: Five Studies in Conservation and Government, State Enterprise: Business or Politics?, Politics, Finance and the Role of Economics: An Essay on the Control of Public Enterprise, Bureaucracy and Representative Government, Le Pouvoir Et Les Groupes de Pression: Etude de la Structure Politique Du Capitalisme, Comparative Communist Politics, Studies in Opposition, Latin American Legislatures: Their Role and Influence, Israel's Parliament: The Law of the Knesset, The Nigerian Army, The Nigerian Military, Ibo Politics. The Role of Ethnic Unions in Eastern Nigeria, Nigeria: Crisis and Beyond, The Road to Aba, The Structure of Canadian Government, The Government of Canada, Four African Political Systems, The German Dictatorship, A Social History of the Third Reich, A History of the People's Democracies, Eastern Europe since Stalin, The Czechoslovak Reform Movement, Das Regierungssystem Der Schweiz, Reapportionment in the 1970s, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century, National Liberation: Revolution in the Third World, Theory and Practice of Modern Guerrilla Warfare, Robert Owen: Prophet of the Poor. Essays in Honour of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth, Gandhi, Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, The Age of Lloyd George, The Case of Walter Bagehot, The Long Retreat: A Short History of British Defence Policy 1945–1970, Foreign Policy and the Political Process, toward a Politics of the Planet Earth, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy, the Administration of American Foreign Policy, Making Peace, the Search for Peace, Alliance in International Politics, International Co-Operation Today

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-381
Author(s):  
David R. Cameron ◽  
M. H. Lessnoff ◽  
D. F. S. Scott ◽  
Dennis Kavanagh ◽  
Basil Chubb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Public Enterprise ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

Revitalisasi Pesantren Sebagai Agen Human Resources Building

KUTTAB ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Suwarno Suwarno
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
System Management ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Learning Institutions ◽  
Very High

Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) with their long historical journey have proved themselves not only as learning institutions still surviving to this day, but also as such a symbol of the power of culture and socio-religious diversity. Public confidence and very high expectations in regard with the birth of generations being able to bridge the building of knowledge on one hand and the great noble characters on the other hand, have still been devoted to the religious educational institutions. By photographing the long history of pesantren, their typology of learning and their presence amid competitive educational institutions today, this article tries to offer a concept aimed at revitalizing the pesantren to purposefully respond to the demands and expectations of their stakeholders. Efforts to reform the curriculum, build human resources capacity, and develop the learning system management could be carried out in revitalizing the role of pesantren.

TAXING CAPITAL INCOME AS PIGOUVIAN CORRECTION: THE ROLE OF DISCOUNTING THE FUTURE

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
VALERIA DE BONIS ◽  
LUCA SPATARO
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Choices

In this work, we find that the zero capital income tax result might not hold, even at the steady state, when the government discount rate differs from the individual one. As intuitive Pigouvian considerations would suggest, capital income should be taxed (subsidized) when the government is less (more) impatient than individuals are. However, a counterintuitive asymmetry emerges as for the steady state since, in the long run, capital income cannot be taxed because of the explosive distortionary effect of positive taxes. The asymmetry is ruled out with a logarithmic utility function because, in this case, the anticipated policy path does not affect current individual choices and thus the cumulative distortionary effect of taxes disappears.

Castro and the Cuban Communist Party

1967 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-252
Author(s):  
Alan Angell
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Nationalist Movements ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
At Home

When Castro addressed a mass rally in Havana on the thirteenth anniversary of his unsuccessful attempt to storm the Moncada barracks, he referred with some feeling to what he called the ‘traditional communist parties’ of Latin America, attacking them for opposing his strategy of armed struggle which he claimed was the only correct way to seize power. In doing this Castro underlined the uniqueness of the Cuban situation in Latin America, and the difkulties attendant upon any attempt at classifying the Cuban revolution within the customary framework of communism in that continent.Latin American communist movements have a poor record as insurrectionary forces. Inview of the fierce suppression of communism by governments seeking an easy target at home, and approbation in Washington, it is perhaps not surprising that the 1935 uprising in Brazil stands almost alone in the history of communist attempts at seizing power by revolution in Latin America. But the communists add themselves to the weakness of their position. Their record of dealings with dictators, including of course Batista in Cuba, however theoretically justified in the long run, discredits them in the eyes of the powerful, and growing, radical, nationalist movements.

Reading In/Between: Migrant Bodies, Latin American Translations

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Larkosh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
The West ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Literary Community ◽  
Virgilio Pinera ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This essay examines the role of translation in the redefinition of the relationship between authors and their respective national cultures, and in continuing discussions of gender, sexuality, migration and cultural identity in translation studies. The translation of Witold Gombrowicz’s novel Ferdydurke from Polish into Spanish by Cuban author Virgilio Piñera and a Translation Committee, not only calls into question the conventional dichotomy of author and translator, but also creates a transnational literary community which questions a number of assumptions about the history of translation in the West, its complicity both in the construction of literary canonicity and the maintenance of the educational institution.

scholarly journals Aquela que diz não à sombra: biografia e obra da escritora martinicana Françoise Ega / The One Who Denies Her Shadow: Life and Work of the Martinican Writer Françoise Ega

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Samanta Vitória Siqueira ◽  
Karina De Castilhos Lucena
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Women Intellectuals ◽  
Literature And Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women Of African Descent ◽  
The One ◽  
Shed Light

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta a biografia e as obras da escritora, empregada doméstica e militante social martinicana Françoise Ega (1920-1976) buscando dar visibilidade para sua trajetória de vida e para suas publicações ainda pouco conhecidas nos círculos acadêmicos e literários brasileiros. Primeiramente, apresentamos a biografia da autora com foco em seus deslocamentos e atuação política. Depois, comentamos brevemente suas obras Le temps de madras (1966), Lettres à une noire (1978) e L’Alizé ne soufflait plus (2000), relacionando-as com a vida da autora e com a sociedade martinicana. Por fim, sob uma perspectiva que não dissocia literatura e sociedade e que considera a história específica de socialização de mulheres diaspóricas afrodescendentes, propõe-se uma reflexão sobre o lugar de intelectuais negras na história da literatura latino-americana.Palavras-chave: Françoise Ega; escritoras diaspóricas; literatura antilhana.Abstract: This paper presents the biography and works of Martinican writer, laborer and social activist Françoise Ega (1920-1976), seeking to shed light on her life story and her lesser known publications among Brazilian academic and literary circles. Firstly, we present the writer’s biography, focusing on her relocations and political engagement. Secondly, we introduce Ega’s works Le temps de madras (1966), Lettres à une noire (1978) and L’Alizé ne soufflait plus (2000), and their relationship with both her life and the Martinican society. Ultimately, from a perspective which compromises literature and society, acknowledging the specific socialization history of diasporic women of African descent, we propose a reflection on the role of black women intellectuals in the history of Latin American literature.Keywords: Françoise Ega; diasporic writers; Antillean literature.

scholarly journals History of the museums, the mediators and scientific education

2005 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. C02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Zana
Keyword(s):  
Main Topic ◽  
Scientific Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Technical Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Curiosity Cabinets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Before analysing the role of the mediators in relation to scientific education, I deem it important to provide a short overview on how scientific museums evolved from the early curiosity cabinets to the modern web cast. Although the term “museum” is no longer adapted to the new structures employed for the diffusion of scientific and technical culture, the evolution of the means of presentation has indeed led to several forms of human mediation. This is of course the main topic we are going to take into consideration today, as it is an important element for the impact our exhibitions may have on the public. Decisions and choices vary from structure to structure for reasons that are sometimes justifiable but that are more often than not economic in nature, since wages, which are in any case very high no matter which country plays host, come to bear heavily especially on the budget of small and medium-sized structures.

scholarly journals Animals in the Zika virus life cycle: what to expect from megadiverse Latin American countries

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Galvão Bueno ◽  
Nádia Martinez ◽  
Lívia Abdala ◽  
Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos ◽  
Marcia Chame
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Latin American Countries

ABSTRACTZika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947 in primates in Uganda, West Africa. The virus remained confined to the equatorial regions of Africa and Asia, cycling between infecting monkeys, arboreal mosquitoes, and occasional humans. The ZIKV Asiatic strain was probably introduced into Brazil in 2013. In the current critical human epidemic in the Americas, ZIKV is transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, especially where the human population density is combined with poor sanitation. Presently, ZIKV is in contact with the rich biodiversity in all Brazilian biomes, bordering on other Latin American countries. Infections in Brazilian primates have been reported recently, but the overall impact of this virus on wildlife in the Americas is still unknown. The current epidemic in the Americas requires knowledge on the role of mammals, especially non-human primates, in ZIKV transmission to humans. The article discusses the available data on ZIKV in host animals, besides issues of biodiversity, rapid environmental change, and impact on human health in megadiverse Latin American countries. The authors reviewed scientific articles and recent news stories on ZIKV in animals, showing that 47 animal species from three orders (mammals, reptiles, and birds) have been investigated for the potential to establish a sylvatic cycle. The review aims to contribute to epidemiological studies and the knowledge on the natural history of ZIKV. The article concludes with questions that require urgent attention in epidemiological studies involving wildlife in order to understand their role as ZIKV hosts and to effectively control the epidemic.

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