scholarly journals An Analysis of COVID-19 Mortality at the Local Authority Level in England

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Carl
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Deprivation Index ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Average Household Size

This study analyses COVID-19 mortality at the local authority level in England. The dependent variable is the age-standardised COVID-19 mortality rate. Two separate analyses are reported: one using untransformed variables, and one using logged variables (where appropriate). In the former, five variables explain 73% of the variance in COVID-19 mortality rate: cumulative confirmed cases rate, population density, % black or Asian, average household size, and a deprivation index. In the latter, four variables explain 72% of the variance in log COVID-19 mortality rate: log cumulative confirmed cases rate, log % black or Asian, average household size, and the deprivation index. (A health index does not reach statistical significance in either analysis, most likely because it is somewhat crude and the dependent variable is age-standardised.) Cumulative confirmed cases rate, average household size and % black or Asian are the strongest and most consistent predictors of COVID-19 mortality.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Quality Infrastructure

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left millions infected and dead around the world, with Latin America being one of the most affected areas. In this work, we have sought to determine, by means of a multiple regression analysis and a study of correlations, the influence of population density, life expectancy, and proportion of the population in vulnerable employment, together with GDP per capita, on the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries. The results indicated that countries with higher population density had lower numbers of deaths. Population in vulnerable employment and GDP showed a positive influence, while life expectancy did not appear to significantly affect the number of COVID-19 deaths. In addition, the influence of these variables on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was analyzed. It can be concluded that the lack of resources can be a major burden for the vulnerable population in combating COVID-19 and that population density can ensure better designed institutions and quality infrastructure to achieve social distancing and, together with effective measures, lower death rates.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic, urban‐rural and sex‐based inequality in infant mortality rate: evidence from 2013 Yemen demographic and health survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betregiorgis Zegeye ◽  
Gebretsadik Shibre ◽  
Jemal Haidar ◽  
Gorems Lemma
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract Background The occurrence of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) varied globally with most of the cases coming from developing countries including Yemen. The disparity in IMR in Yemen however, has not been well dealt and therefore we examined the IMR inequality based on the most reliable methodology in order to generate evidence-based information for some program initiatives in Yemen. Methods Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software, we analyzed the inequality across the different inequality dimensions in Yemen. The toolkit analyzes data stored in the WHO health equity monitor database. Simple and complex, and absolute and relative measures of inequality were calculated for the four dimensions of inequality (subpopulations) which included wealth, education, sex and residence. We computed a 95 % CI to assess statistical significance. Results The analysis included 31, 743 infants. Absolute and relative wealth-driven, education, urban-rural and sex-based inequalities were found in IMR. Higher concentration of IMR was observed among infants from the poorest/poor households (ACI=-4.68, 95 % CI; -6.57, -2.79, R = 1.61, 95 % CI; 1.18, 2.03), rural residents (D = 15.07, 95 % CI; 8.04, 22.09, PAF=-23.57, 95 % CI; -25.47, -21.68), mothers who had no formal education (ACI=-2.16, 95 % CI; -3.79, -0.54) and had male infants (PAF= -3.66, 95 % CI; -4.86, -2.45). Conclusions Higher concentration of IMR was observed among male infants from disadvantaged subpopulations such as poorest/poor, uneducated and rural residents. To eliminate the observed inequalities, interventions are needed to target the poorest/poor households, rural residents, mothers with no formal education and male infants.

scholarly journals Geospatial Variability in Excess Death Rates during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico: Examining Socio Demographic and Population Health Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushma Dahal ◽  
Ruiyan Luo ◽  
Monica H Swahn ◽  
Gerardo Chowell
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Household Size ◽  
P Value ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Excess Death ◽  
Average Household Size ◽  
Aging Index

Background: Mexico has suffered one of the highest COVID-19 mortality rates in the world. In this study we examined how socio-demographic and population health characteristics shape the geospatial variability in excess mortality patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. Methods: Weekly all-cause mortality time series for all 32 Mexican states, from January 4, 2015 to April 10, 2021, were analyzed to estimate the excess mortality rates using Serfling regression models. The association between socio-demographic, health indicators and excess mortality rates were determined using multiple linear regression analyses. Finally, we used functional data analysis to characterize clusters of states with distinct mortality growth rate curves. Results: The overall all-cause excess deaths rate during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico until April 10, 2021 was estimated at 39.66 per 10 000 population. The lowest excess death rates were observed in southeastern states including Chiapas (12.72), Oaxaca (13.42) and Quintana Roo (19.41) whereas Mexico City had the highest excess death rate (106.17), followed by Tlaxcala (51.99) and Morelos (45.90). We found a positive association of excess mortality rates with aging index (P value<.0001), marginalization index (P value<.0001), and average household size (P value=0.0003) in the final adjusted model (Model R2=76%). We identified four distinct clusters with qualitatively similar excess mortality curves. Conclusion: Central states exhibited the highest excess mortality rates whereas the distribution of aging index, marginalization index, and average household size explained the variability in excess mortality rates across Mexico. Our findings can help tailor interventions to mitigate the mortality impact of the pandemic.

Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
21St Century ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
Remnant Population

<em>Abstract</em>.—Paddlefish <em>Polyodon spathula </em>vanished from areas of the upper Tombigbee River basin in Mississippi and Alabama during the 1950s, long before channelization and damming associated with construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (TTW) were completed in 1984. This study was undertaken to assess distribution and population dynamics of any remaining stock. Paddlefish were not captured in upstream impoundments, but an unexploited remnant population was located in the downstream impoundment: Demopolis Lake, Alabama. Paddlefish in Demopolis Lake were characterized by a population density of 2.6 fish/ha, high growth rate relative to more northern populations, and natural annual mortality rate (<em>A </em>= 0.406) similar to other southern populations. Two wintering habitats (cutoff bendways) were heavily utilized by paddlefish. Large males primarily inhabited the more lotic bendway while females and small males were more common in the more lentic bendway, indicating differential importance of habitats among demographic groups. The restricted distribution of TTW paddlefish and demographic differences between habitats suggest that areas heavily utilized by paddlefish should be protected from further degradation. Sedimentation has resulted in reductions of bendway depth and reduced connectivity of backwaters, reducing availability of suitable paddlefish habitat. Restoring connectivity of bendways through dredging could reverse this trend and provide other benefits to fisheries.

scholarly journals 1826. Impact of Rapid Diagnostics and Ceftazidime–Avibactam on Mortality after Bacteremia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S41-S41
Author(s):  
Michael J Satlin ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Gregory Weston ◽  
Angela Gomez-Simmonds ◽  
Tanaya Bhowmick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
Definitive Therapy ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract Background Patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have long delays until receipt of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and high mortality rates. Rapid molecular diagnostics and novel therapies, such as ceftazidime–avibactam (CAZ-AVI), offer promise to improve outcomes, but their clinical impact is unclear. Methods We conducted an observational study of patients with CRE BSI from January 2016 to June 2018 at 8 New York and New Jersey medical centers. Patient demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and treatments were compared between patients who died within 30 days of BSI onset and survivors. Independent risk factors for mortality were identified using logistic regression. We then compared time to receipt of active antimicrobial therapy between patients whose positive blood culture bottles underwent testing for the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase gene (blaKPC PCR) and patients where this test was not used. Results We identified 178 patients with CRE BSI (K. pneumoniae: n = 104, 58%; Enterobacter cloacae: n = 26, 15%; Escherichia coli: n = 26, 15%). The 30-day mortality rate was 38%. An increasing Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.06, P = 0.005) was independently associated with increased 30-day mortality; whereas, use of blaKPC PCR (aOR 0.31, P = 0.005), urinary tract source (aOR 0.12, P = 0.001), and source control (aOR 0.25, P = 0.001) were independently associated with survival. Initial targeted therapy with CAZ-AVI was associated with a 28% 30-day mortality rate, compared with a 49% 30-day mortality rate among patients who received a polymyxin or aminoglycoside (P = 0.036). Patients whose blood culture underwent blaKPC PCR were more likely to receive active antimicrobial therapy within 24 hours of BSI onset (42% vs. 28%; P = 0.07) and had a decreased median time until receipt of active therapy (25 hours vs. 46 hours; P = 0.07), although these differences did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusion The use of PCR to rapidly identify blood cultures with blaKPC and definitive therapy with CAZ-AVI instead of polymyxins or aminoglycosides were associated with decreased mortality after CRE bacteremia. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

Sweating rate at different body regions in cattle and its correlation with some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan ◽  
SM Donegan ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
Body Regions

Sweating rates at five body regions on four Jersey and four Sahiwal x Jersey crossbred heifers were measured in a hot room under three treatments differing in temperature and duration. The correlations between sweating rate and some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin were examined. Differences in sweating rate between body regions, interactions between breed and body region in sweating rate, and differences in sweating rate for the various treatments were all shown to be statistically significant. There was no significant interaction between body regions and treatment in sweating rate.Between body regions within an animal, there was a positive correlation between sweat gland population density and sweating rate and a negative correlation between mean sweat gland volume and sweating rate. This negative correlation was associated with the fact that regions with high sweat gland population density also tended to have smaller sweat glands and vice versa. Indications of a positive correlation between the total sweat gland volume per unit area and sweating rate were also found, though none of these approached statistical significance.

Social organization, spatial distribution, and population density of wolves in relation to moose density

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1068-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Messier
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Territory Size ◽  
Wolf Population ◽  
Pack Size ◽  
Behavioral Attributes ◽  
Density Threshold

This 4-year study compared population density and related behavioral attributes of wolves (14 packs) at two different moose densities: 0.23 (LP, low prey density), and 0.37 (HP, high prey density) moose∙km−2. Wolf densities in January averaged 0.8 and 1.4 animals∙100 km−2, packs consisted of 3.7 and 5.7 individuals, year-long territory sizes were 255 and 390 km2, and interstices between territories represented 30 and [Formula: see text] of available area, for the LP and HP areas, respectively. Territory size increased significantly with pack size. The LP wolf population suffered from a higher mortality rate owing to a higher occurrence of deaths from malnutrition and intraspecific strife, and from a lower success in producing pups (61% of the possible occasions, compared with 93% in HP). When no other ungulate species is present, a density of 0.2 moose∙km−2 would approximate the density threshold below which a pack could not subsist and (or) reproduce successfully. The study reveals that naturally regulated moose–wolf systems may stabilize at low prey and low predator densities.

Average household size and the eradication of malaria

2013 ◽  
Vol 177 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Huldén ◽  
Ross McKitrick ◽  
Larry Huldén
Keyword(s):  
Household Size ◽  
Average Household Size
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document