Sweating rate at different body regions in cattle and its correlation with some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan ◽  
SM Donegan ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
Body Regions

Sweating rates at five body regions on four Jersey and four Sahiwal x Jersey crossbred heifers were measured in a hot room under three treatments differing in temperature and duration. The correlations between sweating rate and some quantitative components of sweat gland volume for a given area of skin were examined. Differences in sweating rate between body regions, interactions between breed and body region in sweating rate, and differences in sweating rate for the various treatments were all shown to be statistically significant. There was no significant interaction between body regions and treatment in sweating rate.Between body regions within an animal, there was a positive correlation between sweat gland population density and sweating rate and a negative correlation between mean sweat gland volume and sweating rate. This negative correlation was associated with the fact that regions with high sweat gland population density also tended to have smaller sweat glands and vice versa. Indications of a positive correlation between the total sweat gland volume per unit area and sweating rate were also found, though none of these approached statistical significance.

Some skin characters in five breeds of European (Bos taurus) dairy cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Nay ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Gland Volume

Observations were made of a number of skin characters in five breeds of European (Bos taurus L.) dairy cattle. Skin samples were taken from the cattle in January and July. There were differences between breeds in sweat gland volume and length! diameter ratio, in skin and papillary layer thickness, in the ratio skin thickness/papillary layer thickness, and in the degree of shrinkage in transverse sections cut from the papillary layer. There were no differences between breeds in density of follicle population (and hence sweat glands) per unit area of skin. Sweat gland volume, skin thickness, and papillary layer thickness were larger in winter than in summer, but there were no such differences for sweat gland length/ diameter ratio, the ratio skin thickness/papillary layer thickness, and follicle population density. The only significant overall correlations between characters were those between sweat gland volume and sweat gland length/diameter ratio, and sweat gland volume and papillary layer depth.

Response of Haemonchus contortus cayugensis to a change in the ratio of smooth to linguiform

Parasitology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Le Jambre ◽  
L. H. Ractliffe
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Parasite Population ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Positive Correlation

The equilibrium, of vulvar phenotypes in Haemonchus contortus cayugensis was changed by infecting lambs with either a selected strain of smooth or of linguiform worms. Subsequently the lambs grazed the same pasture and observations were made on changes in worm populations in the lambs, and on pasture it appeared that the seasonal change in the relative frequencies of A and B linguiform worms was related to density-dependent factors in the host. In the spring, when lambs first become infected, the worm population is small and the majority of linguiform worms are A-type. As the season progresses the density of the parasite population increases. Once the population becomes crowded selection begins to favour the B-type females. The effects of crowding on linguiform A females can be seen as a positive correlation between the percentage of linguiform A and their weight. Population density also affected the survival of A-type worms since there was a negative correlation of percentage A-type on total worm numbers. There was a similar negative correlation between percentage A-type and total worm numbers in both the continuously infected and tracer lambs.Population density did not affect the proportion of smooth worms. However, smooth worms increased in the tracers from, approximately 10% at the beginning of the experiment to 55% at its conclusion 18 weeks later. The latter percentage is almost within range of the local subspecies, which has 60% or more smooth worms. It appears therefore that the proportion of smooth to linguiform worms is a stable equilibrium maintained by natural selection.

scholarly journals ILEOSCOPY: WHEN ILEAL EVALUATION IS NOT MANDATORY DURING COLONOSCOPY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia ROSEVICS ◽  
Odery RAMOS JÚNIOR
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Colonic Neoplasms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bowel Habit ◽  
Association Measure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Clinically Significant

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Ileitis is defined as ileal inflammation, with several etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and can be evaluated during the colonoscopy exam, but its mandatory evaluation is discussed, because of few diagnosis and procedure time. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the correlation of colonoscopic ileitis with the clinical presentation, in order to identify the cases where ileal examination is mandatory. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted between 2013 and 2017. The examination report, indications for colonoscopy, and medical records were evaluated in order to identify whether the colonoscopic findings were clinically significant. Patients over 18 years of age who had undergone ileoscopy were included, whereas patients below 18 years of age, those with previous intestinal resections, and repeated examinations of the same patient in the study period were excluded. The estimated association measure was the odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. P-values <0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 3382 cases were included. Among these participants, 64.5% were females and the average age was 56.9±13.1 years (18-89 years). Ileal alterations were observed in 5.3% of the patients, with 2.69% being clinically significant between all patients, and 0.96% excluding those with IBD. There was a positive correlation between the ileitis findings and IBD control examinations and a negative correlation in screening and change in bowel habit indications. Among the indications with ileitis clinically significant, IBD control still had a positive correlation, ‘diarrhea’ and ‘others’ did not show a statistical significance, and all other indications presented a negative correlation for ileal assessment. CONCLUSION: Ileal evaluation in only mandatory in IBD control. When the main colonoscopy objective is detecting colonic neoplasms, ileoscopy is unnecessary.

scholarly journals The correlation of climate factors on dengue transmission in urban area: Bangkok and Singapore cases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sittisede Polwiang
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Tests

The objective of this study is to find the correlation between climate factors and dengue incidence rate in Bangkok and Singapore during 2009-2015. Spearman's rank correlation tests with time-lag are performed to investigate the overall correlation between dengue incidence rates and climate factors , minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures, DTR, and rainfall. A Linear and Poisson regression analysis was performed. Spearman's rank correlation tests show that in Bangkok monthly rainfall (r=0.451, p<0.001), the number of rainy days (r=0.411, p<0.001) are positive correlation with 2 month lag time. DTR (r=-0.335, p<0.001) is negative correlation with 2 month lag time. Maximum (r=0.256, p<0.001), mean (r=0.304, p<0.001) and minimum (r=0.323, p<0.001) temperature are positive correlation with 4 month lag time. In Singapore, only minimum temperature (r=-0.299, p<0.001) with 1 month lag time is negative correlation and DTR (r=-0.289, p<0.001) with zero month lag time is positive correlation. The rest has no statically significance (p>0.05). This study concluded, climate factors play moderate role in dengue incidence in Bangkok. There is no statistical significance between rainfall and dengue incidence rate and temperature play a marginal role in Singapore.

Quantitative and morphological variation of sweat glands, skin thickness, and skin shrinkage over various body regions of Sahiwal Zebu and Jersey cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Sampling Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

By comparison with Jerseys the sweat glands of Sahiwals were 70% longer, 55% wider, and 315% greater in mean volume. Total sweat gland volume per unit area of skin was 340%, greater and skin thickness was 60% greater, but skin shrinkage was 30%, less. The density of sweat glands was 1130/cm2 for Jerseys and 1200/cm2 for Sahiwals. In almost all animals the characters varied significantly between the various body positions, and in most cases showed trends. Values for the generally adopted midside sampling position were usually within 10% of the mean value for all positions. Sweat gland shape varied over the body. Most of the shapes observed in the two species were present in one position or another within each animal.

scholarly journals The correlation of climate factors on dengue transmission in urban area: Bangkok and Singapore cases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sittisede Polwiang
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Tests

The objective of this study is to find the correlation between climate factors and dengue incidence rate in Bangkok and Singapore during 2009-2015. Spearman's rank correlation tests with time-lag are performed to investigate the overall correlation between dengue incidence rates and climate factors , minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures, DTR, and rainfall. A Linear and Poisson regression analysis was performed. Spearman's rank correlation tests show that in Bangkok monthly rainfall (r=0.451, p<0.001), the number of rainy days (r=0.411, p<0.001) are positive correlation with 2 month lag time. DTR (r=-0.335, p<0.001) is negative correlation with 2 month lag time. Maximum (r=0.256, p<0.001), mean (r=0.304, p<0.001) and minimum (r=0.323, p<0.001) temperature are positive correlation with 4 month lag time. In Singapore, only minimum temperature (r=-0.299, p<0.001) with 1 month lag time is negative correlation and DTR (r=-0.289, p<0.001) with zero month lag time is positive correlation. The rest has no statically significance (p>0.05). This study concluded, climate factors play moderate role in dengue incidence in Bangkok. There is no statistical significance between rainfall and dengue incidence rate and temperature play a marginal role in Singapore.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Determinants of Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Disease Pandemic and The Role of the Bacille-Calmette-Guerin Vaccine in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1007-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhoj R. Singh ◽  
Richa Gandharva ◽  
R. Karthikeyan ◽  
Shiv Varan Singh ◽  
Akanksha Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Bacille Calmette Guerin ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Hiv Aids

This study analyzed the determinants of morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rate (CFR) of the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data for 210 countries and territories available in public domains were analyzed in relation to mandatory vaccination with Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG), population density, median age of the country population, health care expenditure per capita, life expectancy at birth, healthy life expectancy, literacy rate, per capita gross domestic production adjusted to purchasing power (PPP), burden of tuberculosis (TB), acquired immunodeficiency disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-AIDS), malaria, cardiovascular disease (CVD), neoplasm, diabetes, deaths due to energy-protein (food) deficiency (EPD), and per capita government spending on safe water and sanitation. Mandatory BCG vaccination showed a highly significant (p<0.0001) negative correlation with COVID-19 morbidity (r = -0.62) and mortality (r = -0.58) rates, but no significant correlation with CFR. The median age of the nation showed a significant (p<0.0001) positive correlation with COVID-19 morbidity (r= 0.40) and mortality (r = 0.34) rates, but no significant correlation with CFR. The pandemic resulted in higher morbidity (r= 0.47, p<0.0001) and mortality (r= 0.25, p = 0.01) rates in countries with a higher PPP than in those with a lower PPP. COVID-19 CFR and morbidity and mortality rates showed no significant correlation with population density, the burden of malaria or diabetes, or the level of spending on safe water and sanitation. Only the burden of TB showed a positive correlation with CFR (r = 0.17, p = 0.05). However, COVID-19 morbidity showed a significant (p ≤0.05) negative correlation with the burden of TB, HIV-AIDS, CVD, and EPD. Mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 patients showed a positive correlation with per capita health expenditure, life expectancy, the burden of neoplasia, and PPP.

Sweat glands in Zebu (Bos indicus L.) and European (B. taurus L.) cattle. II. Effects of season and exercise on sweat gland volume

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Hayman ◽  
T Nay
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
Gland Volume

Seasonal variation in sweat gland volume is reported in two breeds of Zebu dairy cattle. Changes which occurred in the volume of sweat glands in Jersey and in Zebu x Jersey cattle, as the result of sweating induced by exercise, are described. The crossbred cattle, which had larger sweat glands than the Jerseys, sweated at a greater rate, and had a smaller rise in rectal temperature, which returned more rapidly to normal. It is suggested that there is a relationship between sweat gland volume and activity, and that the seasonal changes in volume observed in the two Zebu breeds are largely due to changes in ambient temperature.

The sweat glands of Ayrshire cattle

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Findlay ◽  
S. H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Flank Region ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Secretory Products

1. An investigation has been made of the structure, distribution and dimensions of the so-called sweat glands in twenty-one different body regions of each of five 3- to 4-year-old Ayrshire cows, and incidental studies have been made on calves and embryos.2. It has been observed that in all those regions each hair follicle is accompanied by an arrector pili muscle, a sweat gland and a sebaceous gland. This combination has been designated a ‘hair follicle unit’.3. In the skin of embryos the sweat gland appears as a single unbranched tube and in the skin of calves and cows it is a bag-shaped gland with a long slender duct which opens on the skin surface as a funnel-shaped outlet.4. The gland is composed of two layers of cells, an outer myoepithelium and inner glandular epi thelium.5. What may be successive stages in the intraluminal transformation of the secretory products discharged by the gland cells lining the lumen, are illustrated by a series of photographs.6. The glands have a poor blood supply and appear to be apocrine. It is unlikely, therefore, that the sweat glands of Ayrshire cows function as effectively in heat regulation as human sweat glands.7. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was measured in all the regions. The average number was 1871 per sq.cm., ranging from about 1000 in the lower limbs to about 2500 in the axilla and neck regions.8. The length and circumference of the gland were measured, hence its secretory surface was calculated. The average area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland was 0·22 sq.mm., while the average area of secretory surface of the sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was 3·94 sq.cm. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of glands per sq.cm. and the area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland.9. The ventral region of the neck, the axilla and upper hindleg had the largest area of secretory surface per sq.cm. of skin, while the forehead, back (sacral), gluteus, lower foreleg and hindleg had the smallest.10. The only region which had a significantly smaller area of secreting surface than the front flank region was the sacral region of the back.

Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
A. L. Badreldin ◽  
M. M. Shafei
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Dermal Papillae

The structure, distribution and dimensions of skin strata and sweat glands have been investigated in Egyptian buffaloes and cattle. Samples from sixteen body regions were taken from three adult bulls of both species. Identical studies were also made on one buffalo calf and two buffalo embryos. Serial vertical and horizontal sections were cut from each body region using the ‘terpineol paraffin wax’ method. The following results were obtained.1. Buffalo skin is characterized by dermal papillae enclosing papillomatous epidermis. The fibrous structure of the dermis is similar in both species. In buffaloes, the average thickness of skin, main epidermis, papillomatous epidermis, and cornium is 6·5 mm., 50, 115, and 11μ respectively. The epidermis coefficient is 12 for the main epidermis and 18 for the papillomatous epidermis. In cattle, the average thickness of skin, epidermis and cornium layer is 4·3 mm., 51 and 5 μ respectively, while the epidermis coefficient is 8.2. The average number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. Each hair follicle is accompanied by two large lobulated sebaceous glands in the buffalo, and one small bilobed gland in cattle.3. There is no species difference in the histology of the sweat glands. Each hair follicle is accompanied by one sweat gland in both species. In the buffalo, the body of the sweat gland is oval and convoluted, while the duct is twisted at its attachment to the body. In cattle, the body of the gland is elongated while the duct is straight. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. The dimensions of the sweat glands are larger in buffaloes than in cattle. The length, circumference and sweating surface of the gland is 0·58, 0·47, and 0·276 sq.mm. in the buffalo, and 0·47, 0·26, and 0·124 sq.mm. in cattle respectively. The glandular surface of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 1·07 sq.cm. in the buffalo and 3·08 sq.cm. in cattle.4. The type of sweat gland secretion is apocrine in both species. In the buffalo, successive stages of apocrine secretion are observed, and the merocrinelike form is rare. In cattle, the merocrine-like form prevails and the other stages are very rare. The theory (Findlay & Yang, 1950) of intraluminal transformation, of secretory products from coarse granularity to fluid homogeneity is supported. The effect of locality on the type of sweating activity is stressed.5. There are species differences in the distribution of blood vessels and capillaries. In the subepidermal level, the arterial branches are more frequent and superficial in buffaloes than in cattle. Capillaries are found in the dermal papillae of buffalo skin. The capillary loops encircling the hair follicle are more frequent in cattle than in buffaloes. The blood capillaries supplying the sebaceous glands are more numerous in the buffalo than in cattle. The blood supply of sweat glands is poor in both species.6. There are age differences in the skin histology. The number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin in a 5-months-old embryo, calf at birth, and adult buffaloes is 10560, 1248 and 400 respectively. There are no skin glands in the 1-month and 5-months-old embryos. The sweat gland in the calf is small in size and similar in structure to that of the adult. Calves have fewer sweat glands than adults.7. The body conformation and the degree of pigmentation are affected by species, breed and locality.8. The secreting activity of the sweat glands may be affected by the locality.9. It seems that there are species differences in the mechanism of heat convection and radiation, insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration, due to histological differences.

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