scholarly journals An Epidemiologic and Behavioral Genetic Investigation of the Co-Occurrence of Gambling Disorder and Suicidality in Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Slutske ◽  
Christal Davis ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
Michael Lynskey ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Temporal Relation ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
Genetic Investigation ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
National Community ◽  
Underlying Causes

Individuals with a gambling disorder are more likely to engage in suicidal behaviors, but it is not yet clear whether this is due to common etiologic factors or to gambling disorder being causally related to suicidality. In a large national community-based twin sample, the temporal relation and the underlying causes of the association between gambling disorder and suicidality were examined. In the majority of instances of co-occurring gambling disorder and suicidality, suicidality actually preceded the onset of gambling disorder. The association between disordered gambling and suicidality was due to overlapping genetic influences among women (rg = 0.42 [0.23 to 0.82]), but due to overlapping unique environmental influences among men (re = 0.26 [0.03 to 0.48]). These results suggest that whereas the association may be primarily due to common etiologic factors among women, gambling disorder may be causally related to suicidality among some men. Potential mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed.

scholarly journals Shared Genetic Vulnerability for Disordered Gambling and Alcohol Use Disorder in Men and Women: Evidence from a National Community-Based Australian Twin Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Slutske ◽  
Jarrod M. Ellingson ◽  
Leah S. Richmond-Rakerd ◽  
Gu Zhu ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
National Community ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Shared Genetic

Disordered gambling (DG) will soon be included along with the substance use disorders in a revised diagnostic category of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 called ‘Substance Use and Addictive Disorders’. This was premised in part on the common etiologies of DG and the substance use disorders. Using data from the national community-based Australian Twin Registry, we used biometric model fitting to examine the extent to which the genetic liabilities for DG and alcohol use disorder (AUD) were shared, and whether this differed for men and women. The effect of using categorical versus dimensional DG and AUD phenotypes was explored, as was the effect of using diagnoses based on the DSM-IV and the proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The genetic correlations between DG and AUD ranged from 0.29 to 0.44. There was a significantly larger genetic correlation between DG and AUD among men than women when using dimensional phenotypes. Overall, about one-half to two-thirds of the association between DG and AUD was due to a shared genetic vulnerability. This study represents one of the few empirical demonstrations of an overlap in the genetic risk for DG and another substance-related addictive disorder. More research is needed on the genetic overlap between DG and other substance use disorders, as well as the genetic overlap between DG and other (non-substance-related) psychiatric disorders.

An Epidemiologic, Longitudinal, and Discordant-Twin Study of the Association Between Gambling Disorder and Suicidal Behaviors

2022 ◽  
pp. 216770262110625
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Slutske ◽  
Christal N. Davis ◽  
Michael T. Lynskey ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
Suicidal Behaviors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Discordant Twin

Gambling disorder is associated with suicidal behaviors, but it is not clear whether the association is due to common etiologic factors or to gambling disorder being causally related to suicidality. This question was examined from the perspective of epidemiologic, longitudinal, and discordant-twin studies. The results suggested that the causes of the association with disordered gambling differed for suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt and differed for men and women. The association of suicidal thoughts with disordered gambling was noncausally explained by common genetic influences among women but not men. Conversely, there was evidence consistent with a potentially causal influence of disordered gambling on suicide attempt among men but not women, which might have been related to gambling-related financial problems. The use of monetary data to identify individuals experiencing financial harms associated with their gambling may represent a more practicable target for screening, intervention, and prevention and may reduce gambling-related financial crises, thereby warding off a potential gambling-related suicide attempt.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Disordered Gambling in Men and Women

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Slutske ◽  
Gu Zhu ◽  
Madeline H. Meier ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
Men And Women

scholarly journals Genetic overlap between personality and risk for disordered gambling: Evidence from a national community-based Australian twin study.

2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Slutske ◽  
Seung Bin Cho ◽  
Thomas M. Piasecki ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Twin Study ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
Community Based ◽  
National Community ◽  
Genetic Overlap

Weight Identity Among Older Adults in the United States: Genetic and Environmental Influences

2018 ◽  
pp. 262-274
Author(s):  
Robbee Wedow ◽  
Daniel A. Briley ◽  
Susan E. Short ◽  
Jason Boardman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Perceived Weight ◽  
Midlife Adults

This chapter uses twin pairs from the Midlife in the United States study to investigate the genetic and environmental influences on perceived weight status for midlife adults. The inquiry builds on previous work investigating the same phenomenon in adolescents, and it shows that perceived weight status is not only heritable, but also heritable beyond objective weight. Subjective assessment of physical weight is independent of one’s physical weight and described as “weight identity.” Importantly, significant differences are shown in the heritability of weight identity among men and women. The chapter ends by discussing the potential relevance of these findings for broader social identity research.

Formalization as a tool for environmental peacebuilding? Artisanal and small-scale mining in Liberia and Sierra Leone

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-55
Author(s):  
Christina Ankenbrand ◽  
Abrina Welter ◽  
Nina Engwicht
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Benefits ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Ethical Sourcing ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has long been a vital source of livelihoods for rural populations in the global South. Yet, it has also been linked to a host of social, political and environmental adversities, including violent conflict. As environmental peacebuilding increasingly stresses the importance of livelihood improvement as a means of fostering peace in conflict-affected extractive societies, ASM formalization has been identified as a solution to mitigate the sector's challenges, thereby addressing underlying causes of conflict. This article critically investigates the contribution of ASM formalization to sustainable peace by focusing on its impact on the livelihood dimension of peacebuilding. It analyses the livelihood impact of three formalization interventions in the diamond sectors of two countries: cooperatives in Liberia, and, in Sierra Leone, ethical sourcing schemes and a community-based natural resource management initiative. In line with calls for a paradigm shift from a narrow legalization-centred understanding of formalization to a broader approach that accounts for livelihood quality, the analysis presented here focuses on interventions that were informed by the ideal of improving the well-being of ASM workers and communities. We propose three pathways through which ASM formalization could potentially contribute to livelihood enhancement: income security, working conditions and community benefits. Based on fieldwork, this article highlights the challenges of generating livelihood improvements through formalization. Even when specifically designed to address the needs of ASM communities, during implementation, they risk prioritizing a narrow conceptualization of formalization and thus failing to become a conductor of transformative change.

scholarly journals Heart rate variability and blood pressure among Japanese men and women: a community-based cross-sectional study

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 779-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi Mori ◽  
Isao Saito ◽  
Eri Eguchi ◽  
Koutatsu Maruyama ◽  
Tadahiro Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Japanese Men ◽  
Men And Women

scholarly journals WHY DO PEOPLE DIFFER IN THEIR ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION? A NUCLEAR TWIN FAMILY STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Klassen ◽  
Eike F. Eifler ◽  
Anke Hufer ◽  
Rainer Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Home And School

Although many previous studies have emphasized the role of environmental factors, such as parental home and school environment, on achievement motivation, classical twin studies suggest that both additive genetic influences and non-shared environmental influences explain interindividual differences in achievement motivation. By applying a Nuclear Twin Family Design on the data of the German nationally representative of TwinLife study, we analyzed genetic and environmental influences on achievement motivation in adolescents and young adults. As expected, the results provided evidence for the impact of additive genetic variation, non-additive genetic influences, as well as twin specific shared environmental influences. The largest amount of variance was attributed to non-shared environmental influences, showing the importance of individual experiences in forming differences in achievement motivation. Overall, we suggest a revision of models and theories that explain variation in achievement motivation by differences in familial socialization only.

scholarly journals De esclavos a ciudadanos y malentretenidos. Representaciones del negro en el discurso jurídico colombiano del siglo XIX

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 271-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Isabel Rosas Guevara
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Black People ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
National Community ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Siglo Xix

Mediante una narrativa historiográfica elaborada a partir de textos legales, el presente documento pretende interpretar las ausencias y presencias del negro en el discurso jurídico decimonónico producido una vez obtenida la independencia de España en los albores del siglo XIX. Teniendo en cuenta que la imaginación del Estado republicano representó un desafío para las elites criollas, las cuales —pese a predicar retóricamente la consolidación de una comunidad nacional basada en la igualdad y la democracia— construyeron una idea de Nación sobre los basamentos ideológicos coloniales, perpetuados en la repulsión elitista hacia la masa o plebe, lo que a la postre produjo su exclusión de la promisoria modernidad.  From Slaves to Citizens and Vagabonds. Representations of Blackness in the Colombian Legal Discourse during the 19th CenturyAbstractThrough a historiographical narrative drawn from legal texts, this paper aims to interpret the absence and presence of black people in the nineteenth-century legal discourse produced once the independence of Spain was obtained in the early nineteenth century. Considering that the imagination of a State Republican represented a challenge for the local elites, —which despite of  preaching rhetorically the consolidation of a national community based on the equality and the democracy— constructed an idea of Nation on the ideological colonial basements perpetuated in the elitist repulsion towards the mass or populace, which at last produced his exclusion of the promissory modernity.   Keywords: slaves, Independence, citizenship, assimilation, exclusion

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