scholarly journals Efektivitas penyuluhan kesehatan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu tentang pencegahan pneumonia pada balita

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Rapitos Sidiq

Kejadian Pneumonia pada balita masih menjadi permasalahan di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Banyak faktor yang melatarbelakangi kejadian penyakit ini, baik faktor lingkungan maupun perilaku manusia. Salah satu uapaya yang dilakukan untuk pencegahan penyakit ini adalah dengan peningkatan peran kader posyandu untuk kegiatan promotif dan preventif termasuk mempromosikan perilaku pencarian pertolongan kesehatan dan perawatan balita di rumah, sehingga setiap kader dituntut mengetahui tentang pencegahan pneumonia tersebut. Secara umu penelitian ini ingin melihat efektivitas penyuluhan kesehatan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu tentang pencegahan penyakit pneumonia pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Darul Kamal Tahun 2017. Penelitian menggunakan metode quasi eksperimental dengan rancangan one group pretest-postest design. Jumlah sampel penelitian 30 orang. Uji statistic yang digunakan paired t-tes tingkat kemaknaan (α) 0,05 (5%). Penelitian ini menghasilkan nilai pengetahuan kader sebelum dan sesudah intervensi adalah 27,17:29,00 dengan p-value 0,003 (< 0,05). Penyuluhan kesehatan efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu tentang pencegahan penyakit pneumoniaKata kunci:   Penyuluhan kesehatan, pengetahuan, kader posyandu, pneumonia, balita  ABSTRACTThe incidence of pneumonia in a toddler is still a problem in the world including Indonesia. Many factors caused the incidence of this disease, both environmental factors, and human behavior. One of the efforts undertaken for the prevention of this disease is by increasing the role of Health Post cadres for promotive and preventive activities including promoting health-seeking behavior and home toddler care so that each cadre is required to know about the prevention of pneumonia. In general, this research would like to see the effectiveness of health counseling in increasing the knowledge of health pos cadres on prevention of pneumonia disease in under-five children in the work area of Puskesmas Darul Kamal 2017. The study used quasi-experimental method with one group pretest-posttest design. The sample size is 30 people. Test statistic used paired t-test significance level (α) 0.05 (5%). This study yields cadre knowledge value before and after intervention is 27,17: 29,00 with p-value 0,003 (<0,05). Health counseling is effective in increasing knowledge of cadres about prevention of pneumonia disease.Keywords: Health counseling, knowledge, cadres, pneumonia, toddler

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Auliya M Nor ◽  
Chairul Fuad

AbstrakKabupaten Sanggau merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang memiliki jumlah penderita filariasis yang menunjukan peningkatan dari 1 kasus (Mf Rate <1%) pada tahun 2009 kemudian meningkat menjadi 15 kasus (Mf Rate 3,16 % ) pada tahun 2010 yang diperoleh dari hasil survey darah jari yang dilakukan pertengahan tahun 2010 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Teraju kecamatan Toba. Peningkatan kasus yang cukup signifikan terjadi pada tahun 2012 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tayan yaitu sebesar 33 kasus (Mf Rate 6,32% ) dari hasil survey darah jari yang dilakukan pada awal tahun 2012, dimana pada 2 tahun sebelumnya, yaitu tahun 2010 dan 2011 tidak ditemukan kasus filariasis (0%) pada daerah tersebut Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh penyuluhan kesehatan dengan metode ceramah terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan dan sikap dalam pencegahan filariasis. Desain penelitian yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperiment. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 33 orang pada kelompok yang mendapatkan perlakuan dan 33 orang pada kelompok yang tidak mendapatkan perlakukan sebagai kontrolnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Ada perbedaan pengetahuan responden sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang pencegahan filariasis Di Dusun Cempedek Desa Lalang kecamatan Tayan Hilir kabupaten Sanggau dengan  p value = 0,000, Ada perbedaan sikap mendukung responden sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang pencegahan filariasis Di Dusun Cempedek Desa Lalang kecamatan Tayan Kabupaten Sanggau dengan p value= 0,000. Bagi Puskesmas Tayan Hilir agar mempertimbangkan kegiatan penyuluhan ini sebagai suatu kegiatan rutin yang dilaksanakan, dan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat. Selain itu kegiatan penyuluhan dengan metode ceramah yang dibantu dengan power point masih efektif untuk digunakan sepanjang materi yang disampaikan dapat disusun semenarik mungkin sehingga dapat menarik perhatian masyarakat untuk memperhatikannya. Kata Kunci: Penyuluhan Kesehatan, Metode Ceramah, Pengetahuan, Sikap, Filariasis AbstractKabupaten Sanggau is one regency which has improvement of filariasis patient from one case (Mf Rate < 1%) in 2009 to significantly 15 cases (Mf Rate 3,16%) in 2010. The data taken from the result of the finger blood survey which was conducted in 2010 medieval at the work area of Puskesmas Teraju Kecamatan Toba. A significant case was found out in 2012 at the work area of Puskesmas Tayan with 33 cases (Mf Rate 6,32%). It was based on  the result of the finger blood survey carried out at the beginning of 2012 in which two years earlier as in 2010 and 2011 evidenced that there was no filariasis case (0%) in the area. The purpose of this research was to find out the effect of health counseling with lecture method to the improvement of knowledge and attitude on filariasis prevention. This research was conducted by employing Quasi Experimental Design. The samples of the research were 33 people in experimental group and it is equivalent to 33 people in control group design. Data analysis showed that there was difference of respondents’ knowledge before and after health counseling on filariasis preventation at Dusun Cempedek Desa Lalang Kecamatan Tayan Hilir Kabupaten Sanggau with its p value =  0,000.  It was also found that there was difference of supportive attitude from the respondents before and after health counseling on filariasis preventation in the same area with p value = 0,000. Based on the findings of the research, it is advisable for Puskesmas Tayan Hilir to have more concern upon this health counseling as a regular activity. It is important as it can accommodate the needs of the society. Besides, health counseling activity through lecture method, particularly with power point, is still considered to be effective as it can be applied to raise the interest of the society on the importance of the filariasis prevention.Keywords: Health Counseling, Lecture Method, Knowledge, Attitude, Filariasis


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Patimah Sari Siregar ◽  
Eva Latifah Nurhayati ◽  
Kristina L Silalahi

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in toddlers characterized by a shorter height compared to other children of their age. Children who suffer from Stunting will be more susceptible to disease and as adults are at risk for degenerative diseases. Health counseling is held to increase the knowledge, awareness, willingness, and ability of mothers to continue to provide good nutrition during pregnancy. Knowledge of feeding is from pregnancy to prevent Stunting. Research that focuses on intention, motivation, and knowledge is not sufficient to help mothers overcome obstacles during pregnancy. Besides getting counseling, mothers overcome obstacles during pregnancy. In addition to getting maternal counseling, it requires support, education, and information that is consistent, realistic, and evidence-based to successfully improve nutrition during pregnancy. The goal is to find out the effectiveness of health education on Stunting prevention at the Mariana Clinic. The research will be conducted using a Quasi-Experiment design (quasi-experimental), with the target that pregnant women are given counseling. The methods of data collection are using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The data analysis method used the dependent t-test, namely the Wilcoxon test. In the paired group, the same subjects were examined before and after the intervention (before and after design) of the questionnaire as a research instrument. The test used is the Wilcoxon test. The results study based on the Wilcoxon test, it was found that the p-value (<0.05) statistically showed that there was the effectiveness of health education on the prevention of Stunting in pregnant women at the Mariana clinic (p-value = 0.002).


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mohamad Sadli

Mohamad Sadli  Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat STikes CirebonE-mail: [email protected] pertumbuhan bayi adalah masa yang kritis sehingga pemberian makanan harus selalu diperhatikan baik proses, jenis dan jumlahnya. Makanan tambahan yang diberikan kepada bayi selain ASI setelah bayi berusia 6 bulan sampai bayi berusia 24 bulan akan memenuhi kebutuhan gizi bayi tetapi kenyataanya sebelum usia 6 bulan banyak bayi yang sudah diberi MP-ASI. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari UPT Puskesmas Pulasaren, bahwa cakupan ASI Eksklusif di Puskesmas Pulasaren dari tahun ke tahun tidak pernah melebihi target. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan sosial budaya dan peran petugas kesehatan dengan perilaku pemberian MP-ASI dini pada bayi usia 0-6 bulan di wilayah kerja UPT Puskesmas Pulasaren Kota Cirebon. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh bayi usia 0-6 bulan yang ada di wilayah kerja UPT Puskesmas Pulasaren Kota Cirebon sebanyak 58 bayi. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 58 bayi. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling. Metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara dan instrumen penelitian ini adalah kuesioner. Data dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan Uji Chi Square pada tingkat kemaknaan 5% (0,05). Hasil uji statistik didapatkan bahwa sosial budaya (PValue=0,000) mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan perilaku pemberian MP-ASI dini pada bayi usia 0-6 bulan. Dan peran petugas kesehatan (P Value=0,078) tidak ada hubungan dengan perilaku pemberian MP-ASI dini pada bayi usia 0-6 bulan di wilayah kerja UPT Puskesmas Pulasaren Kota Cirebon. Disarankan kepada petugas kesehatan aktif melakukan konseling ASI dengan dibuatnya jadwal konseling ASI.Kata Kunci : Sosial Budaya, Peran Petugas Kesehatan, Makanan Pendamping ASI (MP-ASI)SOCIAL CULTURE RELATIONSHIP AND THE ROLE OF HEALTH OFFICIALS WITH BEHAVIOR OF PRIVATE BREAST ASSEMBLY IN BABIES 0-6 MONTHSABSTRACTThe baby's growth period is a critical period so feeding must always be considered both the process, the type and the amount. Additional food given to babies other than breast milk after babies aged 6 months to 24 months old babies will meet the nutritional needs of infants but in fact before the age of 6 months many babies have been given MP-ASI. Based on data obtained from the UPT Pulasaren Health Center, that exclusive breastfeeding coverage in Pulasaren Health Center from year to year has never exceeded the target. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-cultural relationship and the role of health workers with the behavior of early MP-ASI giving to infants aged 0-6 months in the work area of the Pulasaren Health Center in Cirebon City. This research method uses descriptive analytic research design with Cross Sectional approach. The population of this study were all infants aged 0-6 months in the working area of the Cirebon Pulasaren Health Center UPT as many as 58 babies. The number of samples is 58 babies. The sampling technique uses total sampling. The method of data collection in this study used interviews and the research instrument was a questionnaire. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi Square Test at a significance level of 5% (0.05). The statistical test results showed that socio-culture (PValue = 0,000) had a significant relationship with the behavior of early MP-ASI giving to infants aged 0-6 months. And the role of health workers (P Value = 0.078) is not related to the behavior of early MP-ASI giving to infants aged 0-6 months in the work area of the Pulasaren Public Health Center in Cirebon City. It is recommended that health workers actively carry out breastfeeding counseling with a timetable for breastfeeding counseling.Keywords : Social Culture, The Role of Health Workers, Food Companion ASI (MP-ASI)


2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 32694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genesis Souza Barbosa ◽  
Caio Guilherme Silva Bias ◽  
Lorene Soares Agostinho ◽  
Luciana Maria Capurro de Queiroz Oberg ◽  
Rafael Oliveira Pitta Lopes ◽  
...  

AIMS: To verify the effectiveness of the simulation in the self-confidence of nursing students for extra-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, before and after, single-group study, was performed with nursing undergraduate students. The sample was recruited among university students who were in the second or third year of graduation and accepted to participate in the research. The intervention protocol consisted of individual participation in a emergency simulated clinical scenario. The simulated scenario adopted consisted of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in extra-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest, using the Mini Anne Plus® low fidelity manikin. In addition to the sociodemographic variables, students' self-confidence for emergency action was analyzed, evaluated by the Self-Confidence Scale, before and after each simulation. Marginal and homogeneous Wilcoxon homogeneity tests were applied, and the accepted significance level was 5%.RESULTS: Thirteen two undergraduate students in nursing between the ages of 18 and 38 participated in the study. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed in the answers of all the questions of the Self-confidence Scale when compared before and after the simulation. There was also a statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) in cardiological, respiratory and neurological scores after simulation.CONCLUSIONS: The simulation proved to be an effective educational strategy in increasing the self-confidence of nursing students to perform extra-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 568-571
Author(s):  
Saira Bano ◽  
Sumaya Khan ◽  
Mahnoor Waqar ◽  
Moniba Iqbal ◽  
Hamza Waqar Bhatti ◽  
...  

Objective: To determine the difference in mean corneal curvatures before and after pterygium excision. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi. Period: 1st January 2015 to 1st July 2015. Material & Methods: 68 patients aged between 18 to 65 years were included in the study. Patients with history of ocular trauma, ocular surgery, glaucoma, anti-glaucoma treatment, allergy to steroids, pseudo pterygium, recurrent pterygium and presence of corneal abnormalities such as, scarring that might affect the astigmatic value were excluded. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination by slit lamp and best corrected visual acuity and keratometric values were noted. Pterygium excision was done by a single surgeon. BCVA and keratometric readings were taken again after 2 weeks of pterygium excision. Results: Mean age was 37.60 ± 11.11 years. Out of these 68 patients, 44 (64.71%) were male and 24 (35.29%) were females. Mean pre-operative corneal curvature was 2.99 ± 0.69D and post-operative corneal curvature was 1.70 ± 0.40D with P-value of <0.0001 which is statistically significant. Conclusion: This study concluded that pterygium excision brings significant change in corneal curvature in patients of pterygium induced astigmatism.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Anafrin Yugistyowati ◽  
Lia Endriyani

Newborn with low birth weight (LBW) in Indonesia is relatively high even up to 16,9 %. The role of the neonatal nurse is highly expected to provide care for newborn babies with LBW by giving supportive environment. Neonatal Developmental Care (NDC) is one of intervention that aims to implement modifications to the nursery environment and care practices to promote growth and development of newborn with LBW. Most of nurses still have no information related NDC and its implementation in neonatal room. This study aimed to explore the influence of NDC information exposure toward nurse’s attitude. A quasi-experimental with before-and-after design was applied. This study recruited 21 nurses to participate as intervention and control group. The Paired T-Test was performed to analyze the data. The results showed there is an influence of NDC information exposure toward nurse’s attitude in caring for newborn with low birth weight by P-value 0,00. This study recommend that NDC can be one of nursing intervention for caring newborn baby with LBW in order to optimize caring for infant along caring for growth and development during their treatment in hospital.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Martini ◽  
Irna Nursanti ◽  
Giri Widakdo

This study aimed to determine the effect of the risk checks web application on the knowledge of mothers to detect high risk early in pregnancy. The research design used in this study was a quasi-experimental design with one group design without control. The results showed that the mean difference before and after the intervention was 13.00, with a p-value of 0.000. In conclusion, the risk check web application can increase mothers' knowledge to detect high risk early in pregnancy.   Keywords: Web Application, High-Risk Pregnancy


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Lhedys Angela ◽  
Sri Dinengsih ◽  
Risza Choirunissa

ABSTRACT GIVING COLLAGENT SUPPLEMENTS ON ELASTICITYAND MENOPAUSE WOMEN'S SKIN COLOR Background: Physical changes that are generally more visible when a person reaches menopause are changes in skin elasticity and skin color. Reduced water and oil content in the skin will result in reduced skin elasticity resulting in fine lines and wrinkles on the skin and factors that cause skin discoloration are the use of drugs, use of unsafe cosmetics or absorption of ultraviolet (UV) rays. that comes from sunlight. This is caused by reduced collagen production by cells. Due to the reduced amount of collagen, there will also be a reduction in the amount of reduced glycosaminoglycans which then results in reduced skin turgor.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of collagen consumption on skin elasticity and skin color in menopausal women in Cikande, Serang District, Banten Province.Methods: This study used quantitative descriptive statistics with a Quasi-Experimental research design with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design approach, which is a quasi-experiment where a group is measured and observed before and after the treatment (treatement). The sample of this research was 20 menopausal women in July in Cikande Village, Serang Regency, Banten Province.Results: Based on the results of the Paired Samples statistical test before and after collagen consumption on skin elasticity, a P value of 0.0118 was obtained from the significance value α => 0.05, this indicates that there is no effect between collagen consumption on skin elasticity. Based on the results of the Paired Samples statistical test before and after collagen consumption on skin color, the P value was obtained of 0.603 from the significance value α => 0.05, this indicates that there is no effect between collagen consumption on skin color.Conclusion: There is no effect of collagen consumption on skin elasticity and skin color in menopausal women in Cikande Village, Serang Regency, Banten Province. Suggestion:It is hoped that further researchers can carry out further research on the effect of collagen consumption on skin elasticity and skin color and for future researchers to be able to continue this research, as well as become a reference in conducting further research and can be developed again, especially on variables that have not been studied. Keywords: Menopause, Collagen, Skin elasticity, Skin color ABSTRAKLatar Belakang:Perubahan fisik yang umumnya lebih terlihat nampak ketika seorang sampai pada masa menopause adalah perubahan terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit.Berkurangnya kadar air dan minyak didalam kulit akan mengakibatkan berkurangnya elastisitas kulit sehingga timbul garis-garis halus dan kerut-kerut pada kulit dan faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan warna kulit adalah penggunaan obat-obatan, penggunaan kosmetik yang tidak aman atau penyerapan sinar ultraviolet (UV) yang berasal dari cahaya matahari. Hal ini disebabkan oleh berkurangnya produksi kolagen yang dilakukan oleh sel. Akibat berkurangnya jumlah kolagen maka akan berkurang pula jumlah pengurangan glycosaminoglycans yang kemudian berakibat pada berkurangnya turgor kulitTujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit pada wanita menopause di Kelurahan Cikande Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan kuantitatif stastistik deskriptif dengan desain penelitian Quasi-Eksperimen dengan pendekatan One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design yang merupakan quasi-experiment dimana sebuah kelompok diukur dan diobservasi sebelum dan setelah perlakuan (treatement).Sample penelitian ini adalah 20 wanita menopause pada bulan Juli di Kelurahan Cikande Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten.Hasil Penelitian:Berdasarkan hasil uji Paired Samples statistik sebelum dan sesudah konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit diperoleh nilai P value sebesar 0,0118 dari angka kemaknaan α = > 0,05 hal tersebut menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh antara konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit. Berdasarkan hasil uji Paired Samples statistik sebelum dan sesudah konsumsi kolagen terhadap warna kulit diperoleh nilai P value sebesar 0,603 dari angka kemaknaan α = > 0,05 hal tersebut menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh antara konsumsi kolagen terhadap warna kulit.Kesimpulan:Tidak ada pengaruh konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit pada wanita menopause di di Kelurahan Cikande Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten.Saran:Diharapkan bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat melakukan penelitian lebih lanjutmengenai pengaruh konsumsi kolagen terhadap elastisitas kulit dan warna kulit dan bagi peneliti selanjutnya agar dapat melanjutkan penelitian ini, serta menjadi sebuah acuan dalam melakukan penelitian selanjutnya dan dapat dikembangkan lagi terutama pada variabel-variabel yang belum diteliti. Kata Kunci:Menopause, Kolagen, Elastisitas kulit, Warna kulit.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Luci Riani Ginting ◽  
Kuat Sitepu ◽  
Renni Ariana Ginting

Head injury is directly or indirectly mechanical injuries that resulted wound in the scalp, skull fracture, tear the lining of the brain, and brain damage, and neurological disorders. The basic method for brain protection of head injury patients are freeing the airway and giving adequate oxygenation. Giving oxygen and headv elevation 30° of head are the appropriate action for the moderate head injury classification to launch the cerebral oxygen perfusion and to increase consciousness level. The purpose of this research were to determine the GCS before and after giving oxygenation with and position 30 ° of head and to analyze the effect of giving oxygen and headv elevation30 °of head to change the levels of consciousness of moderate head injury patients. This research was an Quasi-Experimental study with 10 respondents. The test were used Paired Sample T-test Test. The results showed that there was an effect of giving oxygen and headv elevation 30 °of head toward to change the level of consciousness of moderate head injury patients. GCS average value before was 10.10 and GCS average after 12.90 value was with p value was 0.000. Keywords : Levels of Consciousness GCS, Moderate Head Injury, Position 30° of the Head


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Indah Dewi Sari ◽  
Utary Dwi Listiarini

Half of the women in Indonesia experience menstrual pain / dysmenorrhoea, 54.89%, experience various disorders including abdominal pain, cramps and back pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acupressure, ginger drink and the difference in giving acupressure and ginger drink to reducing the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea in young women at SMK Swasta PAB 5 Klambir Lima 2020. The design of this study used a quasi-experimental pre and post test with a sample of 30 students who were divided into two groups. Each group was given acupressure and ginger drink in the morning and evening during menstruation from day one to day two. Respondents were assessed for pain before and after the intervention was given. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test contained Sig data (p <0.05). The Wilcoxon test has a p-value of 0.002 (p <0.05), which means that acupressure is effective in reducing the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea, there is a p-value of 0.001 (p <0.05) which means that ginger is effective against reducing pain intensity. menstruation / dysmenorrhea, there is a p-value of 0.034 (p <0.05), which means that there is a difference in the effectiveness of acupressure and ginger drink in reducing the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea. There is an effectiveness of giving acupressure, ginger drink, and there is a difference in giving acupressure and ginger drink on the intensity of menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea on young women. It is hoped that the school will provide ginger drinks and acupressure measures to young women who experience menstrual pain / dysmenorrhea so that they can participate in learning activities at school.


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