scholarly journals The Vallipuram Buddha Image "Rediscovered"

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 295-312
Author(s):  
Peter Schalk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Buddhist Art ◽  
Cultural Encounter ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Decisive Influence ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

When, at the end of the 19th century, the Visnu kovil in Vallipuram, in Vatamaracci, in northern Ilam (Lanka) was (re)built, a Buddha statue was unearthed close to this temple, 50 yardsnortheast of it. It remained in the lumber room of this temple until 1902, when it was set up in Old Park at Yalppanam under a bo-tree. In 1906, the Vallipuram Buddha image was presented by Governor Sir Henry Blake to the King of Siam, who was particularly anxious to have it, as it was supposed to be of an archaic type. This event together with the statue, was forgotten for almost 90 years. All Tamilar and Sinhalese born after 1906 have never seen the Vallipuram Buddha image, provided they have not gone to and found it in Thailand. The study of the religious significance per se, in its historical setting, of the statue is important. The Vallipuram Buddha image is a typical creation of Amaravati art, the spread of which documents the spread of Buddhism to Ilam, where it exercised a decisive influence on the first period of the development of Buddhist art in the Anuratapuram school. We get then a geographical triangle of a cultural encounter between Amaravati, Anuratapuram in its first phase, and Vallipuram. This happened at a time when Buddhism was still not identified as Sinhala Buddhism, but just as Buddhism. The study of the Vallipuram statue is thus a way of transcending or at least suspending for some time polarising ethnic identities, not ethnic identities as such.

scholarly journals Activities of the Asian Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in coordination of the Russian Balkan policy (first half of the 19th century)

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Elena P. Kudryavtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study is devoted to the activities of the Asian Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs that served as a curator of the Russia-Balkans relations in the first half of the 19th century. The Asian Department (set up in 1819) was in charge of the diplomatic, economic, cultural and church relations of Russia with the countries of the «East», and, above all, with the Ottoman Empire. Relations with the Orthodox Balkan nations - Serbs, Bulgarians and Montenegrins – remained traditionally close. This department supervised the policies related to the Balkan region, developed instructions for Russian envoys in Constantinople and Athens, stored consular reports from all over the Balkan region, and, as a result, elaborated approach of the Russian government in relations with Turkey.

scholarly journals EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. vii-xii ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Spolsky
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

From the beginning, public tests and examinations were instruments of policy. The Imperial Chinese examination was created to permit the emperor to replace the patronage system by which powerful lords were choosing their own candidates to be mandarins. The Jesuit schools in 17th-century France introduced a weekly testing system to allow central control of classroom teaching. In 19th-century England, Thomas Macaulay argued for employing the Chinese principle in selecting cadets for the Indian Civil Service; a similar system was later used for the British Civil Service. A primary school examination system was set up in England at the end of the 19th century to serve the same purpose of achieving quality control and accountability in public schools as was proposed for the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) that is being bitterly disputed in 21st-century United States. Chauncey's primary goal after World War II in developing the Scholastic Achievement Test for admission to elite U.S. universities was to replace the children of the wealthy establishment with highly qualified students who would see their role as contributing to public service.

Europe in the making of Japanese values

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Morris-Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

With the Meiji Restoration the first steps were taken in the third quarter of the 19th century to set up a national system of education in Japan. European educational theories were influential. Samuel Smiles became a reference for moral principles and Western heroes from Socrates to Florence Nightingale were exemplars. The articles explores the complex relationship of Western ideas with indigenous Japanese culture.

Excavations at Oinoanda 1997: the new Epicurean texts

1998 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 125-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ferguson Smith
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
British Institute ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Of Information

Oinoanda's most famous and, many would say, most precious possession is the massive Greek inscription, which, probably in the first half of the second century AD, was set up by a citizen named Diogenes, who must have been both wealthy and influential. ‘Having reached the sunset of life’, he used the wall of a stoa to advertise the moral benefits of Epicurean philosophy not only to his fellow-citizens, but also to foreign visitors, and not only to his contemporaries, but also to future generations. In fulfilment of his philanthropic mission he expounded Epicurus' teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics in writings which may have occupied 260m2 of wall-space and contained 25,000 words. The work, as well as being remarkable as an epigraphic colossus, is a valuable source of information about one of the most important philosophies in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.Eighty-eight fragments of Diogenes' inscription were found by French and Austrian epigraphists between 1884 and 1895. I took up the search in 1968–73, discovering 38 new fragments and rediscovering most of the 19th-century finds. My work led on to the topographical and epigraphical survey, sponsored by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (BIAA) and directed by the late Alan S Hall in 1974–75–76–77–81–83 — a survey which not only revealed more of Diogenes' work, but also yielded other epigraphical finds and, thanks above all to the work of James J. Coulton, significantly increased our knowledge of Oinoanda's history and buildings.

scholarly journals Two Models of Radical Revelation in Austrian Philosophy

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-120
Author(s):  
Balazs Mezei
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Divine Revelation ◽  
Bernard Bolzano ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Richard Swinburne ◽  
Austrian Philosophy ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Theology And Philosophy

In this paper I highlight two opposing models of the notion of divine revelation: the propositional and the radical. The propositional understanding of revelation was central to theology and philosophy until the 19th century. Since then, a number of other models of revelation have emerged. I define as radical the understanding of revelation which emphasizes two features of revelation: 1) God’s existence is *per se* revelatory; 2) God’s revelation is *per se* self-revelation. I propose too an assessment of the notion of propositional revelation as presented by Richard Swinburne. And I offer detailed analyses of two representatives of the early understanding of divine revelation as self-revelation: the views of Bernard Bolzano and Anton Günther. Bolzano, the renowned mathematician, was also a philosopher of religion; and Günther, one of the most ingenious writers in Austrian philosophy, was not only a theologian but also a philosopher comparable to the important figures of 19th century German thought. 

scholarly journals FIRST NATIONS ON VIEW: CANADIAN MUSEUMS AND HYBRID REPRESENTATIONS OF CULTURE

eTopia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Ashley
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
Ethnographic Museums ◽  
European Race ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Material Evidence

Museums are important public sites for the representation and authentication of history and heritage in Canadian society.The study of history and ethnographic museums allows important insights into issues of race, ethnicity and identity, and especially how the colonial legacy has shaped how Canadians see themselves. Museums are a supreme expression of imperialist Europe — publicly funded institutions devoted to colonial sensibilities. This includes vast halls set up to display the “booty” of war and conquest as well as the mounds of material evidence produced by scientific research and collecting. Museums of the 19th century were concerned with objects (and objectifying) and possessed a foundational purpose to define what was cultured or civilized (and what was not). Early exhibits emphasized purity of race, the progression of history and the sense that the “white” European race was the pinnacle of evolution. Museums defined, and continue to define and present who we are as nations or communities or cultures, and inevitably separate the we from everyone else out there (Bennett, 1995; Hooper-Greenhill,1999). By using exhibition as its form of communication, museums set up frozen instances in time and fixed them, unchangeable, as expert truth; there was no opportunity then to contest or even engage in dialogue. Objects displayed, in public, for audiences to gawk at or exclaim over. This very act of exhibition was spectacular in the Debordian sense: a representation, divorced from reality, is presented to and consumed by an undifferentiated audience.

scholarly journals Henry Solomon Lipson, 11 March 1910 - 26 April 1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 227-244 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Small Business ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
General Area ◽  
Excessive Drinking ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
The Family ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Occupational Background ◽  
The 19Th Century

Henry Solomon Lipson was born in Liverpool on 11 March 1910, the youngest child, and only son, of the three children of Isaac and Sarah Lipson. He came from immigrant stock; all four grandparents were Polish Jewish emigres who had settled in Liverpool towards the end of the 19th century. The family occupational background was in the general area of shopkeeping and commerce with no tradition of higher education or professional qualifications. Henry’s father, whose small business had failed when Henry was a baby, left the family for a time while he attempted, unsuccessfully, to set up a better life for them in Canada. He returned home disillusioned but determined to make the best of the opportunities England had to offer. After a period of unemployment he eventually became a steelworker at Shotton, near Liverpool. Henry Lipson was very proud of his father, a man of poor education who, when times were hard, determinedly used the only asset he had, his great physical strength, to support his family. He recorded that his father also had strength of character since he avoided the coarser habits, swearing and excessive drinking, of most of the steelworkers in the area.

"... so merkt man ihr allerdings den achtzehnjährigen, unbeholfenen Komponisten an..."

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-367
Author(s):  
Bianca Schumann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hector Berlioz ◽  
Hugo Wolf ◽  
Daily Press ◽  
Decisive Influence ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the course of the aesthetic controversy of the 19th century over programme music, which was particularly intense in Vienna, 'conservative' as well as 'progressive' ciritcs, who wrote for the daily press, endeavoured to appropriate Hector Berlioz for their personal aesthetic convictions. Even for reviews written in the 1860s and 1870s, when Berlioz's large-scale works were first performed by leading Viennese orchestras, Robert Schumann's review of the Symphonie fantastique (1835) played a significant role. Schumann's appreciative assessment of the symphony, which was strongly influenced by his misconception that Berlioz was only eighteen years old at the time of composition of the Symphony fantastique, had a decisive influence on the journalistic discourse on Berlioz in Vienna far beyond the first half of the century, for example on Hugo Wolf and Edmund Schelle. Other critics, such as August Wilhelm Ambros and Eduard Hanslick, took Schumann's ambiguity as their starting point to validate their less positive judgements.

scholarly journals Duchowieństwo i stowarzyszenia katolickie wobec bibliotek dla ludu w Galicji na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Anna Gruca
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Selection Of

The clergy, Catholic associations and libraries for the folk in Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuriesIn the last decades of the 19th century libraries for the folk began to be created, founded by various educational societies for example by Catholic communities. In the documents of libraries’ functions and tasks it was emphasized that libraries should spread education consistent with Catholic faith and morality. The clergy were encouraged to set up and run parish libraries. The journals for priests provided advice on the organization of libraries. Appropriate guides were issued, too. In order to facilitate the selection of books appropriate for the assumed educational purposes, annotated catalogs were prepared by priests or various Catholic communities.

scholarly journals The Roman epigraphic collection of 17th century antiquarian Ferenc Lugossy from Petreștii de Jos (Cluj County)

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 187-204
Author(s):  
Dávid Petruț ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Stone Monument ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Humanist Tradition ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

The question of Roman epigraphic and antiquities collections in Transylvania is typically associated with the antiquarian activity of the local aristocracy during the 19th century, especially the “ruin parks” set up on their country estates. The beginnings of these antiquarian endeavours however date back to much earlier times, being linked to the circle of humanist church intellectuals active in Alba Iulia/Gyulafehérvár starting with the 15th century. The collection founded by Ferenc Lugossy, prominent member of the Transylvanian princely court during the second half of the 17th century, can be regarded as a later manifestation of the aforementioned humanist tradition, even though it was established at his estate in Petreștii de Jos/Magyarpeterd, situated at the foot of the Turda Gorge (Cheile Turzii/Tordai‑hasadék), rather than the princely capital. The sources indicate that we are dealing with one of the most important, if not the most important local Roman stone monument collections of the time. Documents also inform us that following the death of its founder – probably in 1692 – the collection swiftly began to disintegrate, and by the beginning of the 20th century it had completely ceased to exist, the monuments being either taken away or used as construction material by the locals. The present paper is an attempt to reconstruct the history and original composition of this important collection.

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