scholarly journals Pengaruh variasi campuran bahan bakar tongkol jagung dan tempurung kelapa terhadap unjuk kerja tungku biomassa

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.W. Joniarta ◽  
M. Wijana ◽  
A.A. Alit Triadi ◽  
I.B.K.T.H. Iswara ◽  
I.G.A.K.C. Adhi
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Corn Cobs

Agricultural waste such as corn cobs and coconut shell can be used as alternative energy. Biomass as an alternative energy can be used as a fuel in the furnace. Corncob has low calorific value and density, so it is necessary to examine the combination’s effect of corn cobs and coconut shell toward the performances of biomass furnace.The gasification furnace was the development of a furnace design on previous research. Diameter of combustion chamber is 25 cm, diameter of free air duct and secondary air duct is 2 cm, and primary air duct is 1 cm. Combined corncob and coconut shell in sequence are 100%: 0%, 80%: 20%, 60%: 40%, 40%: 60%, 20%: 80%, 0%: 100%. Investigated parameters showing the furnace performance were boiling time, FCR, power input, power output, power loss and efficiency are boiling time, FCR, operating time, power input, power output, power loss and efficiency. Test of operating time were conducted by burning fuel until burned out. Then boiling time test were conducted by heated 1 liters water from ambient temperature to boiling (between 95oC - 97oC) on a 24 cm diameter pan.The results showed that the largest operating time (1317.33 Seconds), smallest FCR (2.249 Kg/hour), smallest power loss (19.532 kW), and the highest efficiency (8.19%) obtained at 0% : 100% combination. The fastest boiling time (157 Seconds) and the largest power output (1.828 kW) was obtained at 40%: 60% combination. While the largest power input (29.286 kW) was obtained at 60%: 40%.

Costs of transport for the scyphomedusa Stomolophus meleagris L. Agassiz

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2690-2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Planktonic Crustaceans ◽  
Stomolophus Meleagris

The rhizostome scyphomedusa Stomolophus meleagris swims continuously at speeds up to 15 cm∙s−1. Mean velocities increased as a power function of wet weight up to 70 g but were mostly constant thereafter. Bell pulsations ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 Hz. Reynolds numbers equalled 900 – 13 000. During activity, medusae consumed 0.05 mL O2∙h−1∙g WW−1 (1.2 mL O2∙h−1∙g DW−1), at 30 °C. Rates for inactive medusae were 50% less. The estimated cost of transport ranged from 2 J∙kg−1∙m−1 at 5 g to 1 J∙kg−1∙m−1 at 1 kg. These rates are comparable to those of fishes and about 1/50th that of planktonic crustaceans. These results were unexpected in light of the typical inefficiency (power output/power input) of jet swimming. However, S. meleagris has a very low respiration rate relative to crustaceans and fish, which probably compensated for low swimming efficiency.

scholarly journals Evaluating OADM network simulation and an overview based metropolitan application

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Essa Ibrahim Essa ◽  
Mshari A. Asker ◽  
Fidan T. Sedeeq
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Input Signal ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Average Output Power ◽  
Output Signal ◽  
Noise Figure ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Average Drop

Abstract Using optical add–drop multiplexer/remover multiplexer (OADM), it is possible to add or remove wavelengths and change or route them through the various nodes and networks. At this moment, key problems in add–drop multiplexer (ADM) are the bandwidth, modulation format, and reuse wavelength. In this article, the Optisystem software simulation is used as a platform to design, test, and verify the method applied to the current work; the OADM is proposed based on the metro network to get distribution between nodes over a transmission link; OADM analysis was presented with four channels (193.1, 193.2, 193.3, and 193.4 THz) at total bandwidth of 1.6 Tb/s, none-return-to-zero (NRZ), and return to zero coding types. Experiment one shows that the average output power is −17.997 dBm, the average drop power is −17.997 dBm, and the average add power is −18.338 dBm, the average gain is −0.0429 dB, the average noise figure is 0 dB, the average power input signal is 10.679 dBm, the average of power output signal is 10.633 dBm, and the average output optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is 0 dB, However, the second experiment shows that the average output power is −24.238 dBm, the average drop power is −24.288 dBm, and the average add power is −24.753 dBm, the average gain is −0.0417 dB, the average noise figure is 0 dB, average power input signal is 7.691 dBm, average of power output signal is 7.677 dBm, and the average output OSNR 0 dB. The system supports four input channels, four add channels, four output channels, and four drop channels. The results are acceptable after three spans of Solitons fiber with 600 km length, 200 km for each span. Nonetheless, it is believed that it is well justified to adopt these schemes in the current optical network with a low cost for overall expenditure.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERFORMA KOMPOR GASIFIKASI BIOMASSA TIPE FORCED DRAFT MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI JUMLAH BAHAN BAKAR TONGKOL JAGUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Romi Djafar ◽  
Yunita Djamalu ◽  
Siradjuddin Haluti ◽  
Sjahril Botutihe
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
Total Operating Time ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Forced Draft

Ketersediaan energi semakin sedikit mendorong peningkatan harga bahan bakar minyak yang pada akhirnya menyusahkan masyarakat terutama kelompok ekonomi lemah. Guna mengatasi masalah harga minyak dan gas yang semakin mahal dan cadangannya yang terbatas maka diperlukan usaha yang terprogram dan terarah untuk mencari energi alternatif. Salah satu upaya yaitu penggunaan biomassa digunakan pada sektor rumah tangga misalnya untuk keperluan memasak. Namun masyarakat umumnya menggunakan biomassa dengan cara dibakar secara langsung. Sehingga metode pembakaran yang dihasilkan kurang efesien dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Maka dari itu, sejak dahulu kompor gasifikasi biomassa telah dibuat dan tingkat pengembangannya sampai dengan sekarang ini. Berbagai desain dan model telah banyak dikembangkan untuk mengkonversi biomassa sebagai sumber energi alternatif untuk menghasilkan kinerja yang lebih baik. Namun rancangan kompor gasifikasi yang sudah ada tersebut masih memiliki berbagai kendala antara lain proses gasifikasi yang belum optimal dan kualitas pembakaran yang rendah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah fabrikasi kompor gasifikasi biomassa tipe forced draft menggunakan blower sebagai udara primer untuk skala laboratorium. Gasifikasi biomassa menarik untuk dikembangkan mengingat Propinsi Gorontalo telah menetapkan pertanian sebagai program unggulan yang berbasis jagung. Saat ini limbah hasil pertanian berupa tongkol jagung yang melimpah tersebut tidak dimanfaatkan dan hanya dibakar secara langsung oleh masyarakat. Terutama masyarakat yang tinggal dipemukiman pelosok desa bahkan daerah terisolir sehingga dipastikan bahwa jangkauan suplai energi listik dari PLN tidak terdapat pada daerah tersebut. Oleh karena itu, Teknologi kompor gasifikasi yang dapat mengkonversi biomassa menjadi energi panas yang hemat energi dan ramah lingkungan sebagai solusi yang tepat untuk diperkenalkan kepada pemerintah daerah maupun komunitas masyarakat yang ada. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah rancang bangun dan fabrikasi kompor biomassa dengan bahan baku tongkol jagung. Hasil fabrikasi telah diuji kinerjanya dengan variasi ukuran jumlah bahan bakar yaitu 1; 2 dan 3 kg masing-masing dengan ukuran bahan bakar 1 cm. Metode yang digunakan adalah water boiling test (WBT) terhadap 3 liter air. Berdasarkan pengujian didapatkan hasil berupa start-up tercepat terjadi pada menit ke 4 dan waktu terlama pada menit ke 8, komsumsi bahan bakar yang dihasilkan berturut-turut 2.65 kg/h; 1.92 kg/h dan 2.6 kg/h. Power input berturut-turut 8.2 kWh; 5.9 kwh dan 9.3 kwh. Power output yang didapatkan adalah terendah sebesar 1.36 kWh dan tertinggi sebesar 2.1 kWh. Total operating time dari kompor masing-masing sebesar 56; 78 dan 85 menit. Sedangkan efesiensi termal kompor gasifikasi dihasilkan sebesar 23.6%.

scholarly journals REDESAIN KOMPOR BIOMASSA TIPE DOWNDRAFT SYSTEM CONTINUE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN SEKAM PADI

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Admin Admin ◽  
Thambarriyaldi Tuina Effendi ◽  
Romi Djafar ◽  
Sjahril Botutihe
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Total Operating Time

Kompor gasifikasi adalah salah satu teknologi pemanfaatan biomassa untuk keperluan memasak pada sektor rumah tangga. Gasifikasi biomassa  merupakan  suatu proses  dekomposisi  termal  dari  bahan-bahan organik  melalui  pemberian  sejumlah  panas dengan  suplai  oksigen  terbatas  untuk menghasilkan  synthesis  gases  yang  terdiri  dari CO,  H2,  CH4  (selanjutnya  disebut  dengan  syn-gas)  sebagai  produk  utama  dan  sejumlah  kecil arang  karbon  dan  abu  sebagai  produk  ikutan. Tujuan utama saya dalam menciptakan inovasi teknologi yang sedang berkembang saat ini supaya hasil yang didapat lebih efektif dan berkualitas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode eksperimen, diawali pengamatan dilapangan (observasi) kemudian dari sumber studi pustaka selanjutnya diaplikasikan dalam satu model dimensi dengan perencanaaan yang diwujudkan dalam satu bentuk nyata berupa prototipe kompor biomassa tipe downdraft system continue. Komsumsi bahan bakar berturut-turut didapat sebesar 0.00012 ; 0.00028 ; dan 0.00050 kg/hr. Total operating time dari kompor masing-masing sebesar 14; 16 dan 18 menit Power input berdasarkan hasil analisis masing-masing sebesar 0.00037 ; 0.00088 ; dan 0.00154 kW. Berdasarkan hasil analisis didapatkan power output terendah sebesar 7.3 ; 17.1  dan 30.5 kW. Efesiensi kompor biomassa tipe downdraft system continue pada penelitian adalah sebesar 23,6%.

Caffeine supplementation for 4-day, followed by acute ingestion, did not impact triathlete output power after submaximal intensity exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Anderson Pontes Morales ◽  
Felipe Sampaio-Jorge ◽  
Thiago Barth ◽  
Alessandra Alegre De Matos ◽  
Luiz Felipe Da Cruz Rangel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Acute Ingestion

Introduction: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that caffeine supplementation (6 mg·kg-1 body mass) for 4-days, followed by acute intake, would impact five male triathletes output power after performed submaximal intensity exercise. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, placebo (4-day) - placebo (acute) PP, placebo (4-days) -caffeine (acute) PC, and caffeine (4-day) - caffeine (acute) CC. Participants abstained from dietary caffeine sources for 4 days and ingested capsules containing either placebo or caffeine (6 mg.kg-1 body mass day in one absorption). The acute trials the capsules containing placebo or caffeine (6 mg.kg-1 body mass day in one absorption) were ingested 60min before completing exercise in a treadmill for 40min (80% VO2max) and to perform the Wingate test. Results: Blood lactate was determined before, 60min after ingestion, and immediately after the exercise on the treadmill, the Wingate test, and after the recovery (10-min). CC and PC trials did not change the cardiopulmonary variables (P>0.05) and the anaerobic power variables (peak/mean power output and fatigue index) (P>0.05). The PC trial compared with PP promoted improvements in the curve power output in 2 sec by 31.19% (large effect-size d = 1.08; P<0.05) and 3 sec by 20% (large effect-size d = 1.19; P<0.05). A 10min recovery was not sufficient to reduce blood lactate concentration in the PC trial compared with PP (PC, 13.73±2.66 vs. PP, 10.26±1.60 mmol.L-1; P<0.05, respectively) (P<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, these results indicate that caffeine supplementation (6 mg·kg-1 body mass) for 4 days, followed by acute ingestion, did not impact the triathletes output power after performed submaximal intensity exercise. Nutritional interventions may help researchers and athletes to adapt strategies for manipulating caffeine use.Key-words: caffeine metabolism, Wingate test, blood lactate, performance.

scholarly journals Analytical Modeling of a Doubly Clamped Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvester with Axial Excitation and Its Experimental Characterization

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3861
Author(s):  
Jie Mei ◽  
Qiong Fan ◽  
Lijie Li ◽  
Dingfang Chen ◽  
Lin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Axial Excitation

With the rapid development of wearable electronics, novel power solutions are required to adapt to flexible surfaces for widespread applications, thus flexible energy harvesters have been extensively studied for their flexibility and stretchability. However, poor power output and insufficient sensitivity to environmental changes limit its widespread application in engineering practice. A doubly clamped flexible piezoelectric energy harvester (FPEH) with axial excitation is therefore proposed for higher power output in a low-frequency vibration environment. Combining the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the D’Alembert principle, the differential dynamic equation of the doubly clamped energy harvester is derived, in which the excitation mode of axial load with pre-deformation is considered. A numerical solution of voltage amplitude and average power is obtained using the Rayleigh–Ritz method. Output power of 22.5 μW at 27.1 Hz, with the optimal load resistance being 1 MΩ, is determined by the frequency sweeping analysis. In order to power electronic devices, the converted alternating electric energy should be rectified into direct current energy. By connecting to the MDA2500 standard rectified electric bridge, a rectified DC output voltage across the 1 MΩ load resistor is characterized to be 2.39 V. For further validation of the mechanical-electrical dynamical model of the doubly clamped flexible piezoelectric energy harvester, its output performances, including both its frequency response and resistance load matching performances, are experimentally characterized. From the experimental results, the maximum output power is 1.38 μW, with a load resistance of 5.7 MΩ at 27 Hz, and the rectified DC output voltage reaches 1.84 V, which shows coincidence with simulation results and is proved to be sufficient for powering LED electronics.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption of the Isolated Heart of Octopus: Effects of Power Output and Hypoxia

1987 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-157
Author(s):  
D. F. HOULIHAN ◽  
C. AGNISOLA ◽  
N. M. HAMILTON ◽  
I. TRARA GENOINO
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Isolated Heart ◽  
Back Pressure ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Coronary Veins ◽  
Output Flow

A technique is described which allowed the measurement of the oxygen consumption of the isolated heart of Octopus vulgaris. Contraction of the heart resulted in an aortic output and a flow through the heart muscle into coronary veins (the coronary output). The flow and oxygen content of the aortic output and the coronary output were measured with variable input pressures and constant output back pressure (volume loaded), variable output back pressure and constant aortic output (pressure loaded), and during hypoxia. Volume loading of the heart resulted in an increase in aortic output, power output and total oxygen consumption. Pressure loading increased power output and total oxygen consumption of the heart. Exposure to hypoxia decreased the aortic output, power output and total cardiac oxygen consumption. In the response of the heart to reduced work, brought about either by a reduced input pressure or by hypoxic perfusate, the power output was linearly related to the total oxygen consumption of the heart. The oxygen extracted from the coronary output accounted for 80–100% of the total oxygen consumption of the heart. Coronary output amounted to 30% of the total cardiac output at maximum power output. In volume-loaded hearts the volume of the coronary output increased as aortic output increased; in pressure-loaded hearts coronary output increased as power output increased, but aortic output remained constant. In hypoxia, the coronary output increased as the aortic output fell. At a perfusate Po2 of around 50 Torr (1 Torr = 133 Pa), the aortic output ceased although the heart continued to beat and the coronary output continued, accounting for all of the oxygen consumption of the heart. The coronary output flow in vitro therefore has the capacity to be varied independently of the aortic output flow to maintain the oxygen supply to the perfused cardiac muscle.

scholarly journals Analisis Pengaruh Perubahan Beban Generator Terhadap Efsiensi Kinerja PLTU Bosowa Energi Jeneponto Unit 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Andreas Pangkung ◽  
Herman Nawir ◽  
Aditya Nugraha Adji Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Steam Power Plants ◽  
Efficiency Performance

This study aims to determine the effect of changes in generator load on efficiency performance in steam power plants and to determine the amount of input power in the boiler. Data collection was carried out at PT. Bosowa Energi PLTU Jeneponto. The data are the power output, fuel consumption, and the calorific value of the fuel. Then perform data analysis by calculating input power and efficiency. From the result of the study, the highest efficiency is on May 20, 2018 at 18.00 with a load of 90.00 MW, namely 55.68% and the lowest efficiency is on May 12, 2018 at 03.00 with a load of 64.98 MW, namely 22.69%. The highest boiler input power based on the analysis results was on May 3, 2018 at 20.00, namely 356.61 MW, and the lowest boiler input power based on the analysis was on May 15, 2018 at 07.00, namely 128.14 MW.

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