scholarly journals ANALISIS PERFORMA KOMPOR GASIFIKASI BIOMASSA TIPE FORCED DRAFT MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI JUMLAH BAHAN BAKAR TONGKOL JAGUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Romi Djafar ◽  
Yunita Djamalu ◽  
Siradjuddin Haluti ◽  
Sjahril Botutihe
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
Total Operating Time ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Forced Draft

Ketersediaan energi semakin sedikit mendorong peningkatan harga bahan bakar minyak yang pada akhirnya menyusahkan masyarakat terutama kelompok ekonomi lemah. Guna mengatasi masalah harga minyak dan gas yang semakin mahal dan cadangannya yang terbatas maka diperlukan usaha yang terprogram dan terarah untuk mencari energi alternatif. Salah satu upaya yaitu penggunaan biomassa digunakan pada sektor rumah tangga misalnya untuk keperluan memasak. Namun masyarakat umumnya menggunakan biomassa dengan cara dibakar secara langsung. Sehingga metode pembakaran yang dihasilkan kurang efesien dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Maka dari itu, sejak dahulu kompor gasifikasi biomassa telah dibuat dan tingkat pengembangannya sampai dengan sekarang ini. Berbagai desain dan model telah banyak dikembangkan untuk mengkonversi biomassa sebagai sumber energi alternatif untuk menghasilkan kinerja yang lebih baik. Namun rancangan kompor gasifikasi yang sudah ada tersebut masih memiliki berbagai kendala antara lain proses gasifikasi yang belum optimal dan kualitas pembakaran yang rendah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah fabrikasi kompor gasifikasi biomassa tipe forced draft menggunakan blower sebagai udara primer untuk skala laboratorium. Gasifikasi biomassa menarik untuk dikembangkan mengingat Propinsi Gorontalo telah menetapkan pertanian sebagai program unggulan yang berbasis jagung. Saat ini limbah hasil pertanian berupa tongkol jagung yang melimpah tersebut tidak dimanfaatkan dan hanya dibakar secara langsung oleh masyarakat. Terutama masyarakat yang tinggal dipemukiman pelosok desa bahkan daerah terisolir sehingga dipastikan bahwa jangkauan suplai energi listik dari PLN tidak terdapat pada daerah tersebut. Oleh karena itu, Teknologi kompor gasifikasi yang dapat mengkonversi biomassa menjadi energi panas yang hemat energi dan ramah lingkungan sebagai solusi yang tepat untuk diperkenalkan kepada pemerintah daerah maupun komunitas masyarakat yang ada. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah rancang bangun dan fabrikasi kompor biomassa dengan bahan baku tongkol jagung. Hasil fabrikasi telah diuji kinerjanya dengan variasi ukuran jumlah bahan bakar yaitu 1; 2 dan 3 kg masing-masing dengan ukuran bahan bakar 1 cm. Metode yang digunakan adalah water boiling test (WBT) terhadap 3 liter air. Berdasarkan pengujian didapatkan hasil berupa start-up tercepat terjadi pada menit ke 4 dan waktu terlama pada menit ke 8, komsumsi bahan bakar yang dihasilkan berturut-turut 2.65 kg/h; 1.92 kg/h dan 2.6 kg/h. Power input berturut-turut 8.2 kWh; 5.9 kwh dan 9.3 kwh. Power output yang didapatkan adalah terendah sebesar 1.36 kWh dan tertinggi sebesar 2.1 kWh. Total operating time dari kompor masing-masing sebesar 56; 78 dan 85 menit. Sedangkan efesiensi termal kompor gasifikasi dihasilkan sebesar 23.6%.

scholarly journals REDESAIN KOMPOR BIOMASSA TIPE DOWNDRAFT SYSTEM CONTINUE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN SEKAM PADI

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Admin Admin ◽  
Thambarriyaldi Tuina Effendi ◽  
Romi Djafar ◽  
Sjahril Botutihe
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Total Operating Time

Kompor gasifikasi adalah salah satu teknologi pemanfaatan biomassa untuk keperluan memasak pada sektor rumah tangga. Gasifikasi biomassa  merupakan  suatu proses  dekomposisi  termal  dari  bahan-bahan organik  melalui  pemberian  sejumlah  panas dengan  suplai  oksigen  terbatas  untuk menghasilkan  synthesis  gases  yang  terdiri  dari CO,  H2,  CH4  (selanjutnya  disebut  dengan  syn-gas)  sebagai  produk  utama  dan  sejumlah  kecil arang  karbon  dan  abu  sebagai  produk  ikutan. Tujuan utama saya dalam menciptakan inovasi teknologi yang sedang berkembang saat ini supaya hasil yang didapat lebih efektif dan berkualitas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode eksperimen, diawali pengamatan dilapangan (observasi) kemudian dari sumber studi pustaka selanjutnya diaplikasikan dalam satu model dimensi dengan perencanaaan yang diwujudkan dalam satu bentuk nyata berupa prototipe kompor biomassa tipe downdraft system continue. Komsumsi bahan bakar berturut-turut didapat sebesar 0.00012 ; 0.00028 ; dan 0.00050 kg/hr. Total operating time dari kompor masing-masing sebesar 14; 16 dan 18 menit Power input berdasarkan hasil analisis masing-masing sebesar 0.00037 ; 0.00088 ; dan 0.00154 kW. Berdasarkan hasil analisis didapatkan power output terendah sebesar 7.3 ; 17.1  dan 30.5 kW. Efesiensi kompor biomassa tipe downdraft system continue pada penelitian adalah sebesar 23,6%.

scholarly journals Pengaruh dimensi kompor dan kadar air biomassa terhadap kinerja kompor gasifikasi forced draft

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Z Zulfansyah ◽  
H Hermanto ◽  
Muhammad Iwan Fermi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
Forced Draft ◽  
Fuel Source

Influence of stove dimensions and biomass moisture content on forced draft gasification stove performanceConsumption level of biomass as a source of primary energy in Indonesia is quite high, reaching 280 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) and approximately 84% of the biomass is has been used for the household sector. The application of gasification stove especially in cooking purposes can increase the efficiency of fuel usage. This research uses three units gasification stove with variation of stove dimension. Acacia wood branches with moisture content 7.26%, 9.63% and 12.58% were used as fuel source. Water boiling test (WBT) procedural was used to evaluate the stove performance. Operating time and flame temperature of the stove also were the parameter of stove performance evaluation. Thermal efficiency of the forced draft gasification stove is approximately 25.03% to 30.44%, the most efficient is 12 cm in diameter and 16 cm high stove with 9.63% biomass moisture content. Although the resulting flame is still reddish yellow, the forced draft gasification stove is capable of producing up to 3.43 kWth (kilowatt thermal) thermal energy with the highest flame temperature reaches 933oC. The results show that the gasification stove operating conditions greatly affect the performance of the stove.Keywords: biomass, gasification stove, forced draft, thermal efficiency AbstrakTingkat penggunaan biomassa sebagai sumber energi primer di Indonesia cukup tinggi yaitu mencapai 280 juta setara barel minyak (SBM) dan sekitar 84% dari biomassa tersebut digunakan untuk kebutuhan sektor rumah tangga. Penggunaan kompor gasifikasi untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga khususnya untuk kegiatan memasak dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan bahan bakar. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tiga unit kompor gasifikasi dengan variasi dimensi ruang bakar kompor. Sedangkan bahan bakar yang digunakan yaitu ranting kayu akasia dengan kadar air 7,26%, 9,63% dan 12,58%. Metoda pengujian mengikuti prosedur water boiling test (WBT), selain itu waktu operasi dan temperatur nyala api juga menjadi parameter kinerja kompor gasifikasi yang dievaluasi. Efisiensi termal kompor gasifikasi forced draft yang dihasilkan yaitu 25,03% hingga 30,44%, dengan efisiensi tertinggi yaitu pada kompor berdiameter 12 cm dan tinggi 16 cm serta biomassa berkadar air 9,63%. Walaupun nyala api yang dihasilkan masih berwarna kuning kemerahan, namun kompor gasifikasi forced draft mampu menghasilkan energi termal hingga 3,43 kWth (kilowatt thermal) dengan temperatur nyala api tertinggi mencapai 933oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi kompor gasifikasi sangat berpengaruh terhadap kinerja kompor sehingga disain kondisi operasi kompor perlu disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pengguna kompor gasifikasi. Kata kunci: biomassa, kompor gasifikasi, forced draft, efisiensi termal

scholarly journals Pengaruh variasi campuran bahan bakar tongkol jagung dan tempurung kelapa terhadap unjuk kerja tungku biomassa

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.W. Joniarta ◽  
M. Wijana ◽  
A.A. Alit Triadi ◽  
I.B.K.T.H. Iswara ◽  
I.G.A.K.C. Adhi
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Corn Cobs

Agricultural waste such as corn cobs and coconut shell can be used as alternative energy. Biomass as an alternative energy can be used as a fuel in the furnace. Corncob has low calorific value and density, so it is necessary to examine the combination’s effect of corn cobs and coconut shell toward the performances of biomass furnace.The gasification furnace was the development of a furnace design on previous research. Diameter of combustion chamber is 25 cm, diameter of free air duct and secondary air duct is 2 cm, and primary air duct is 1 cm. Combined corncob and coconut shell in sequence are 100%: 0%, 80%: 20%, 60%: 40%, 40%: 60%, 20%: 80%, 0%: 100%. Investigated parameters showing the furnace performance were boiling time, FCR, power input, power output, power loss and efficiency are boiling time, FCR, operating time, power input, power output, power loss and efficiency. Test of operating time were conducted by burning fuel until burned out. Then boiling time test were conducted by heated 1 liters water from ambient temperature to boiling (between 95oC - 97oC) on a 24 cm diameter pan.The results showed that the largest operating time (1317.33 Seconds), smallest FCR (2.249 Kg/hour), smallest power loss (19.532 kW), and the highest efficiency (8.19%) obtained at 0% : 100% combination. The fastest boiling time (157 Seconds) and the largest power output (1.828 kW) was obtained at 40%: 60% combination. While the largest power input (29.286 kW) was obtained at 60%: 40%.

DESIGN OF A 300 000-Oe TWO-REGION SOLENOID FOR INTERMITTENT OPERATION

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1343-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Magnet System ◽  
Total Operating Time ◽  
Helium Gas ◽  
Intermittent Operation ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Capital Expense

This paper contains a design of an aluminum solenoid magnet system capable of producing a field of 300 000 Oe over a bore of 5.8 cm. The magnetic field is produced by a two-region solenoid operated at 15 °K and cooled by compressed helium gas. Details of the structure are described, and calculations are given for all important parts of the cooling system. The magnet is designed for a total operating time at maximum power of at least 40 minutes in a week. The low capital expense of the system makes it suitable for installation in small laboratories.

Costs of transport for the scyphomedusa Stomolophus meleagris L. Agassiz

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2690-2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Planktonic Crustaceans ◽  
Stomolophus Meleagris

The rhizostome scyphomedusa Stomolophus meleagris swims continuously at speeds up to 15 cm∙s−1. Mean velocities increased as a power function of wet weight up to 70 g but were mostly constant thereafter. Bell pulsations ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 Hz. Reynolds numbers equalled 900 – 13 000. During activity, medusae consumed 0.05 mL O2∙h−1∙g WW−1 (1.2 mL O2∙h−1∙g DW−1), at 30 °C. Rates for inactive medusae were 50% less. The estimated cost of transport ranged from 2 J∙kg−1∙m−1 at 5 g to 1 J∙kg−1∙m−1 at 1 kg. These rates are comparable to those of fishes and about 1/50th that of planktonic crustaceans. These results were unexpected in light of the typical inefficiency (power output/power input) of jet swimming. However, S. meleagris has a very low respiration rate relative to crustaceans and fish, which probably compensated for low swimming efficiency.

A COMPARISON OF POWER INPUT VS. POWER OUTPUT FOR FOUR CYCLE ERGOMETERS

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S245
Author(s):  
S. M. Puhl ◽  
L. F. Fussner ◽  
J. L. Hodgson ◽  
K. G. Stoedefalke
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Cycle Ergometers

The Effect of the Configuration of the Amplification Device on the Power Output of a Piezoelectric Strip

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse M. McCarthy ◽  
Arvind Deivasigamani ◽  
Sabu J. John ◽  
Simon Watkins ◽  
Floreana Coman
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Piezoelectric Strip ◽  
Power Measurements ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Leaf Parameters

We investigated the behaviour of a polyvinylidene-fluoride piezoelectric strip (‘stalk’) clamped at the leading edge, and hinged to an amplification device (‘leaf’) at the trailing edge. Flutter of this cantilevered system was induced within smooth, parallel flow, and an AC voltage was generated from the PVDF strip. A polypropylene, triangle comprised the leaf. Two leaf parameters were varied so as to quantify their effect on the power output of the system: 1) the area, and 2) the aspect ratio. It was found that the highest power output was realised with the 2nd-largest leaf across a range of wind speeds, but the variation in power measurements was large. Thus, the 3rd-largest leaf was found to give the highest power output with the lowest power variation. This leaf area was then fixed and the aspect ratio varied. It was found that the largest aspect ratio-leaf rendered the highest power output, but had a relatively high start-up wind speed.

scholarly journals Biomechanics and the wheelchair

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. McLaurin ◽  
C. E. Brubaker
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Power Input ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
User Characteristics ◽  
Wheelchair User ◽  
Wind Resistance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Source Of Information

Wheelchair biomechanics involves the study of how a wheelchair user imparts power to the wheels to achieve mobility. Because a wheelchair can coast, power input need not be continuous, but each power strike can be followed by a period of recovery, with the stroking frequency depending on user preferences and the coasting characteristics of the wheelchair. The latter is described in terms of rolling resistance, wind resistance and the slope of the surface. From these three factors the power required to propel the wheelchair is determined, and must be matched by the power output of the user. The efficiency of propulsion is the ratio of this power output to the metabolic cost and is typically in the order of 5% in normal use. The features required in a wheelchair depend upon user characteristics and intended activities. The ideal wheelchair for an individual will have the features that closely match these characteristics and activities. Thus prescription is not just choosing a wheelchair, but choosing the components of the wheelchair that best serve the intended purpose. In this paper, each component is examined for available options and how these options effect the performance of the wheelchair for the individual. The components include wheels, tyres, castors, frames, bearings, materials, construction details, seats, backrests, armrests, foot and legrests, headrests, wheel locks, running brakes, handrims, levers, accessories, adjustments and detachable parts. Each component is considered in relation to performance characteristics including rolling resistance, versatility, weight, comfort, stability, maneouvrability, transfer, stowage, durability and maintenance. Where they exist, wheelchair standards are referred to as a source of information regarding these characteristics.

scholarly journals Comparative study to assess the outcome of omitting bladder flap formation from caesarean delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Pratiksha Gupta ◽  
Suman Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Caesarean Delivery ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Randomised Control Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Total Operating Time ◽  
Formation Step

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of omitting the step of bladder flap formation at lower-segment caesarean delivery.Methods: It is a RCT (randomised control trial), non-blinded study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 104 women who underwent caesarean delivery (elective or emergency) were prospectively randomized to one of the two groups. In the study group (n= 54), caesarean was performed without formation of a bladder flap. In the control group (n=50), caesarean was performed with the formation of a bladder flap before the uterine incision.Results: There were differences of median skin incision to delivery interval (5 versus 6.5 minutes, P <0.0001), median total operating time (35 versus 44.5 minutes, P 0.0002), and median blood loss (haemoglobin 0.5 versus 1g/dl, P 0.0001) in favor of the study group. Postoperative incidence of urinary tract infection was reduced in the study group (1% versus 9%, P <0.0006) and bowel function returned early in the study group (day 2 versus 3, P<0.0001).  Bladder flap formation step was successfully omitted in (11/18, 61.11%) of previous CS (caesarean section) patients in the study group and (7/12, 58.33%) in control group illustrating that unless required, BF (bladder flap) formation step can even be omitted in previous CS patients.Conclusions: Omission of the bladder flap provides short term advantages such as reduction of total operating time, incision-delivery interval, and reduced blood loss and that this technique can even be applied in previous caesarean section patients.

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