scholarly journals Kesempurnaan Kematian Sapi setelah Penyembelihan dengan dan tanpa Pemingsanan Berdasarkan Parameter Waktu Henti Darah Memancar

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Herwin Pisestyani ◽  
Nadhear Nadadyanha Dannar ◽  
Koekoeh Santoso ◽  
Hadri Latif
Keyword(s):  
Bleeding Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Method Group ◽  
Group 1

Parameter untuk mengetahui hewan sapi sempurna setelah disembelih yaitu dengan melihat refleks kelopak mata dan atau waktu henti darah memancar. Menurut EFSA (2004) kematian merupakan suatu keadaan yang ditandai dengan respirasi fisiologis dan sirkulasi darah telah berhenti sebagai akibat dari pusat sistem tersebut di batang otak secara permanen kehilangan fungsi karena kekurangan oksigen dan energi. Waktu henti darah memancar merupakan indikasi bahwa jantung sudah tidak dapat memompa darah keluar dari tubuh karena tidak ada lagi asupan oksigen darah dalam jantung, sehingga hewan tersebut dapat dikatakan mati. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menghitung waktu henti darah memancar pada penyembelihan sapi dengan metode pemingsanan dan tanpa pemingsanan yang dipotong di rumah potong hewan ruminansia besar (RPHRB), sehingga diperoleh data rataan waktu hewan mati sempurna. Tiga puluh ekor sapi Brahman Cross dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok perlakuan yaitu, sebanyak 15 ekor yang disembelih dengan pemingsanan (kelompok 1) dan sebanyak 15 ekor yang disembelih tanpa pemingsanan (kelompok 2). Waktu henti darah memancar dihitung sesaat setelah hewan disembelih sampai darah berhenti memancar. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh rataan waktu henti darah memancar pada sapi yang dipingsankan sebelum disembelih adalah sebesar 3,02 menit dan rataan waktu henti darah memancar pada sapi yang disembelih tanpa pemingsanan adalah sebesar 2,13 menit. Selang waktu henti darah memancar antara sapi yang dipingsankan dengan sapi yang tidak dipingsankan sebelum disembelih adalah 53,4 detik. Waktu henti darah memancar dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan hewan sebelum pemotongan, yaitu dengan atau tanpa pemingsanan.Kata kunci: Pemingsanan, sapi, tanpa pemingsanan, waktu henti darah (The Perfect Cow Died after Slaughtered by Stunning and Non Stunning Methods According to Gushing Blood Downtime)Palpebra reflex and gushing blood downtime can be used as parameters to see animals death after slaughtered. Stop bleeding time was an indication that the heart is unable to pump blood out of the body due to no more oxygen in the blood of the heart, so that the cattle can be said has been dead perfectly. The aims of this study was to calculate the stop bleeding time of cattle slaughtered by stunning and non stunning methods, thus obtained the avaraging data of perfectly death time of animals. Thirty catlles’s Brahman Cross divided into two treatment groups, firstly 15 cattle’s were slaughtered by stunning method (group 1) and the second one 15 cattle’s were slaughtered by non stunning method (group 2). Blood gushing downtime was calculated immediately after the animal is slaughtered until the blood stops radiating. The results showed the average blood gushing downtime in cattles that were stunning before slaughtered is 3.02 minutes and the average time to stop blood gushing in cattles of non stunning group is 2.13 minutes. The interval blood gushing downtime between the cattles slaughtered by stunning and non stunning was 53.4 seconds. Blood gushing downtime was affected by the treatment of animals before they were slaughtered.Keywords: cattle, gushing blood downtime, non stunning, stunning.

scholarly journals Profil Vulva dan Suhu Tubuh Kambing Peranakan Etawa pada Sinkronisasi Estrus Menggunakan Medroxy Progesterone Acetate dan Suplementasi Zinc (Zn)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rosyid Ridlo ◽  
Risa Ummami ◽  
Naela Wanda Yusria Dalimunthe ◽  
Dhasia Ramandani ◽  
Nur Ika Prihanani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Estrus Synchronization ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth ◽  
Group 1

Peranakan Etawa (PE) goat farming is one of the growing livestock sectors in Indonesia. Indonesia needs a sustainable breeding system that can guarantee the availability of goats. Estrus synchronization is a necessity that can help uniform the breeding time and manage the time of pregnancy and birth. Artificial estrus synchronization techniques that use a combination of Prosterone and Zinc minerals give good results of estrus synchronization in goats. The Aim of this research is to understand the combination efectiveness of estrus synchronization technique with progesterone acetate and Zinc supplementation. The design of this study used two treatment groups, each group consisting of three does PE goats. Estrus synchronization of experimental animals in treatment 1 and 2 was carried out using polyurethane sponge implant method which contained medroxi progesterone acetate 60 mg. Group 1 was given Sponge Progesterone for nine 9 days while giving Zinc (Zn) mineral supplement (Elemental Zn 20 mg, Kimia Farma) orally given 7 times. The frequency of Zinc administration every day begins during intra vaginal sponge insertion. Group 2 was treated same as group 1 with 14 days of implant time and 7 times of Zinc supplementation.The results showed that both treatments occurred estrus simultaneously with good estrus quality. Both treatments show the results of the estrus 8 score assessment with the estrus 3-9 range. The maximum estrus quality’s value of group 2 was higher (8.33 ± 0.57) compared to group 1 (8.0 ± 1.0). The estrus duration of group 2 occurs for 24 hours and group 1 for 7 hours. Estrus onset of Group 2 is earlier (58 hours) than group 1 (75 hours). Both treatment groups showed an increase in temperature at period of the occurrence of estrus. Body temperature during estrus time was 38.7 ± 0.20 0C to 39.60 ± 0.26 0C. The conclusion of this study is that in both treatments of estrus synchronization using sponge progesterone and zinc supplementation can cause estrus synchronization effectively . The duration of estrus in group 1 (9 days of implant) was Shorter than group 2 (14 days of implant). The onset of estrus time of group 1 (9 days of implant) was longer than Group 2 (14 days of implant). The body temperature of the experimental animals increases with the occurrence of estrus.

scholarly journals Miniplate 1.5 fixation for the repair of mandibular osteotomies in cats

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelina Maria da Silva ◽  
Wilson Machado de Souza ◽  
Patrícia de Athayde Barnabé ◽  
Marion Burkhardt de Koivisto ◽  
Nair Trevizan Machado de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Radiolucent Line ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Union ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Osteotomy Line ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Group 1

Purpose: To evaluate the application of the maxillofacial miniplate 1.5 in the repair of unilateral mandibular osteotomies in cats. Methods: Twelve adult cats were divided into two groups. In group 1 (n=6), the osteotomy was performed in the body of the mandible, behind the 1st molar. In group 2 (n=6), the osteotomy was performed between the 4th premolar and 1st molar. The osteotomy was fixed with a titanium miniplate 1.5. Oral alimentation was reinitiated 24 hours after surgery. Cats were euthanized at 12 weeks postoperative. Results: Radiographs taken 1 week after surgery showed a radiolucent line. The osteotomy line was not more visible on the radiographs taken at 12 weeks postoperative. Macroscopic examination confirmed alignment and bone union of operated hemimandibles. Histological examination showed formation of woven bone within the osteotomy line. The percentage of bone tissue at these areas was measured by the histometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the values of group 1(75.07 ± 5.99) and group 2 (74.76 ± 8.54) (Mann-Whitney's test p= 0.469). Conclusion: We concluded that the use of miniplate 1.5 for the fixation of mandibular osteotomy in cats provided the main goals in the treatment of mandibular fractures: bone union, normal dental occlusion and immediate return to oral alimentation.

scholarly journals INJECTABLE COPPER AND ZINC FOR GRAZING YEARLING STEERS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041
Author(s):  
F. A-R. SANKOH ◽  
R. J. BOILA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cu And Zn ◽  
Group 1

Injectable Cu and Zn were evaluated as mineral supplements using 37 purebred Herefords (Group 1) and 23 Angus-Charolais-North Devon crosses (Group 2). The 60 steers were carried through a 113-d grazing phase. This was followed by a 79-d finishing phase for all steers of Group 1 and seven steers of Group 2. Treatments were combinations of the non-dosing (0Cu, 0Zn) and dosing (+Cu, +Zn) of steers with injectable Cu or Zn at the start of the grazing phase: (1) 0Cu, 0Zn; (2) +Cu, 0Zn; (3) 0Cu, +Zn; and (4) +Cu, +Zn. Injectables were the sole source of supplementary Cu and Zn during grazing and finishing phases. Means (SE) for Cu and Zn, respectively, in forages as milligrams per kilogram dry matter (DM) during the grazing phase were: grasses, 4.4 (0.17), 15.7 (0.46); alfalfa, 6.9 (0.18), 16.5 (1.49); and birdsfoot trefoil 5.0 (0.76), 15.0 (3.41). Injectable Cu did not influence (P > 0.05) body weight during the grazing phase. Body weight responses were lower (P < 0.05) for +Cu steers in the finishing phase, when dietary Cu was low, but steers could not be classified as Cu-deficient based on liver Cu. Liver Cu increased to means greater than 140 mg kg−1 DM in all steers, but was higher (P < 0.05) in +Cu steers during the grazing phase. Serum Cu varied widely during the grazing phase, but was higher (P < 0.05) for +Cu steers only on day 84 of the grazing phase. Neither liver Cu nor serum Cu was influenced (P > 0.05) by injectable Zn. Injectable Zn decreased growth rates in the latter part of the grazing phase but did not affect (P > 0.05) the body weight response during the finishing phase. The concentrations of Zn in liver and serum were not influenced (P > 0.05) by injectable Cu or Zn. Key words: Cattle, grazing, copper, zinc, injectable copper, injectable zinc

scholarly journals Effect of grazing period management on growth performances of camel in climate change condition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Change Condition ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

In order to decide the optimum time of grazing for camels during hot summer months, 10 growing camel calveswere divided into 2 equal groups. First group was sent for grazing during 10:00 h to 16:00 h daily and second groupallowed for grazing during thermo neutral period. The climatic variables were recorded daily (April 2012 to March2013). The average daily gain and total body weight gain in calves sent for grazing during relatively cool parts ofday (group 2) was significantly higher as compared to group 1 calves sent as per routine farm schedule. Theaverage intake of fodder and water from manger was higher in group 1 calves. The average DMI from manger forgroup 1 calves was higher as compared to group 2 calves. The comparative biometrics of camel calves in differentgrazing management practices revealed that body length, heart girth, height at wither, neck length were significantly(P&lt;0.01) higher in group 2 calves as compared to group 1 calves. After 180 days of experimentation, humpcircumference vertical and hind leg length were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in group 2 as compared to group1. Analysis of recorded data of climatic parameters revealed that average maximum temperature was higher duringJune 2012. The values of THI also were higher in monsoon and post monsoon months hence the practice of sendingcamel calves during relatively comfortable part of hot and hot humid months was successful in getting good growth.The relative humidity was significantly higher during morning as compared to evening period for all months. TheTHI was significantly lower during morning as compared to evening hours for all months in different climate forwhole year. Economic analysis reveals that the cost of feed per kg body weight gain was quite less in group 2 ascompared to group 1. So the practice of grazing of camel calves during cool hours of day remain profitable forfarmers by looking at the body weight gain and better body conformation in climate change condition.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Monoklonal Antibodi Bovine Zona Pelusida 3 (bZP3) terhadap Diameter dan Atresia Folikel Ovarium Mencit (Mus musculus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Annisa Trissatharra ◽  
Sri Ratna Dwiningsih ◽  
Ratna Sofaria Munir
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: To identify the effect of monoclonal antibody bZP3 at ovarian follicles that undergo atresia and diameter of various ovarian follicles.Materials and Methods: This is a true experimental research with post only control group design. Samples were 36 female mices (Mus musculus) which is divided into 6 groups, there are 3 control groups (group 1, 2, and 3) injected by Phospatase Buffer Saline (PBS) 50µl and 3 treatment groups (group 4, 5, and 6) injected by Mab bZP3 50µl. Group 1 and 4 terminated at 5th day, group 2 and 5 terminated at 10th day, and group 3 and 6 terminated at 20th day. Evaluation of atretic ovarian follicles and diameter of ovarian follicles performed by hematoxylin eosin (HE) and the data processed by parametric statistic.Results: There are no significant in different among groups in the aspect of atretic follicles and diameter of folicles (p>0.05), but descriptively, number of follicles undergo atresia of the follicle primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment group was higher than the control group, except on the 20th day of observation time.Conclusion: administration of Mab bZP3 had no effect to amount of atretic follicles and diameter of folicles during observation time.

scholarly journals Zingerone Ameliorates Hepatotoxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julietpoornamathy J ◽  
Parameswari C.S.
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Group 1

In medical sciences, toxicity is an area wherein extensive studies have been carried to improve the diseases as well as to prevent. So, there is a high requirement for novel and improved alternative therapeutic strategies to manage diseases. The liver is the largest gland in the body, which executes several important mechanisms; it stores minerals and vitamins and releases them in periods of need. The main aim of this study was to give a closer insight into potent non- toxic compounds that is capable of modifying the responses. Animals were divided into five equal groups viz control (Group 1), administered with food and water ad libitum, (Group 2) administered with olive oil, (Group 3) administered with zingerone, (Group 4) administered with concanavalin A, (Group 5) administered with cyclosporine A followed by zingerone. Our results revealed significant changes in liver marker enzymes and liver histology of zingerone treated rats when compared to control rats.  A corollary, zingerone has no toxic effect on hepatocytes and was found to be safe at a dose of 10mg/kg b wt and also ameliorates hepatotoxicity.

Abstract WP380: Thyrotoxicosis is Associated With Worse In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakiru O Isa ◽  
Olajide Buhari ◽  
Hameem Changezi
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Time Of Presentation ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Hyperthyroidism increases the basal metabolic rate and affects most systems in the body. Patients with hyperthyroidism have been shown to have a higher incidence of ischemic stroke. There is a paucity of information regarding its effects on the short-term outcomes of patients admitted with ischemic stroke. Hypothesis: Hyperthyroidism is associated with worse in-hospital outcomes in patients admitted for ischemic stroke. Methods: We queried the National Inpatient Sample to identify adult patients(aged 18 and above) admitted for ischemic stroke between January 2011 and December 2014. We compared those with a history of hyperthyroidism (group 1) and thyrotoxicosis on admission (group 2) with the rest of the patients (group 3). The main outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included the length of hospital stay and cost of hospitalization. We used the logistic regression model and adjusted for baseline characteristics and co-morbidities. Results: There were 643,786 patients in the study, 0.44% had a history of hyperthyroidism, and 0.01% had thyrotoxicosis at the time of presentation. The odd of mortality in group 1 compared to group 3 was 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.05, p=0.16 while in group 2 compared to group 3, it was 2.42, 95% CI 1.29-4.52, p<0.006. The mean length of stay was also longer in group 2 with a mean difference of 8.06, 95% CI 4.74 - 11.39, p<0.0001. Conclusion: From the study, there was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between patients with previously diagnosed hyperthyroidism and those without diagnosed hyperthyroidism. Patients who had thyrotoxicosis on admission, on the other hand, had worse outcomes compared to patients without thyrotoxicosis.

Influence of hematocrit on tissue O2 extraction capabilities during acute hemorrhage

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. H1942-H1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Van der Linden ◽  
E. Gilbart ◽  
P. Paques ◽  
C. Simon ◽  
J. L. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Acute Hemorrhage ◽  
O2 Extraction ◽  
Normovolemic Hemodilution ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels ◽  
Group 1

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that tissue O2 extraction capabilities during hemorrhage may be greater when hematocrit (Hct) is initially reduced. Twenty-four anesthetized and splenectomized dogs were randomly assigned in three groups of eight dogs each: group 1 (Hct 40), 40–45% Hct; group 2 (Hct 30), 30–35% Hct; and group 3 (Hct 20), 20–25% Hct. In each animal, the desired Hct was obtained by normovolemic hemodilution using hydroxyethyl starch 450/0.7 and maintained throughout the experiment. O2 delivery (DO2) was progressively reduced by hemorrhage. At each step, DO2 and O2 consumption (VO2) were measured separately. Critical DO2 obtained from a plot of VO2 vs. DO2 was lower in the Hct 30 and Hct 20 groups than in the Hct 40 group [(in ml.min-1.kg-1) Hct 30, 7.9 +/- 2.2; Hct 20, 7.8 +/- 1.0; Hct 40, 10.4 +/- 1.1; P < 0.05]. Critical DO2 obtained from blood lactate levels was also significantly lower in the Hct 30 and Hct20 groups than in the Hct 40 group. Critical O2 extraction ratio was also greater in the Hct 30 and Hct 20 groups than in the Hct 40 group (Hct 30, 73.0 +/- 13.9%; Hct 20, 70.1 +/- 9.6%; Hct 40, 57.1 +/- 11.5%; P < 0.05). In the conditions of our study, moderate hemodilution was associated with an improvement of the O2 extraction capabilities of the body, probably related to the reduction in blood viscosity.

scholarly journals Miniplate fixation for the repair of segmental mandibular defects filled with autogenous bone in cats

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelina Maria da Silva ◽  
Wilson Machado de Souza ◽  
Marion Burkhardt de Koivisto ◽  
Patrícia de Athayde Barnabé ◽  
Nair Trevizan Machado de Souza
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Bone Union ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
Autogenous Bone ◽  
Iliac Crest Bone Graft ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Segmental Defect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of maxillofacial miniplate 1.5 in the repair of segmental mandibular defects filled with autogenous bone in cats. METHODS: Twelve adult cats were divided into two groups. A segmental defect of 4mm was created in one of the hemimandibles and filled with autogenous iliac crest bone graft. The operated hemimandible was fixed with a 1.5mm titanium miniplate. In group 1 (n=6), the defect was performed in the body of the mandible, behind the 1st molar. In group 2 (n=6), the defect was performed between the 4nd premolar and 1st molar, with extraction of the 1st molar. Oral alimentation was reinitiated 24 hours after surgery. Cats were euthanized at 20 weeks postoperative. RESULTS: Incorporation of the graft was suggested by the radiographs taken 20 weeks after surgery. Macroscopic examination confirmed alignment and bone union of operated hemimandibles. Histological examination showed formation of woven bone in rostral and caudal mandible/graft interfaces. The percentage of bone tissue at these areas was measured by the histometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the values of group 1(64.48 ± 4.51) and group 2 (71.69 ± 14.47) (Mann-Whitney's test p= 0.294). CONCLUSION: The use of miniplate 1.5 for the fixation of mandibular defects filled with autogenous bone in cats provided the main goals in the treatment of mandibular fractures: bone union, normal dental occlusion and immediate return to oral alimentation.

scholarly journals Is mercury in Tibetan Medicine toxic? Clinical, neurocognitive and biochemical results of an initial cross-sectional study

2016 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Sallon ◽  
Yahav Dory ◽  
Yazeed Barghouthy ◽  
Tsewang Tamdin ◽  
Rigzin Sangmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tibetan Medicine ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Mercury Toxicity ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Mercury an important therapeutic substance in Tibetan Medicine undergoes complex “detoxification” prior to inclusion in multi-ingredient formulas. In an initial cross-sectional study, patients taking Tibetan Medicine for various conditions were evaluated for mercury toxicity. Two groups were identified: Group 1, patients taking “ Tsothel” the most important detoxified mercury preparation and Group 2, patients taking other mercury preparations or mercury free Tibetan Medicine. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry of Tibetan Medicine showed mercury consumption 130 µg/kg/day (Group 1) and 30 µg/kg/day (Group 2) ( P ≤ 0.001), levels above EPA (RfDs) suggested threshold (0.3 µg/kg /day) for oral chronic exposure. Mean duration of Tibetan Medicine treatment was 9 ± 17 months (range 3–116) (Group 1) and 5 ± 1.96 months (range 1–114) (Group 2) (NS) with cumulative days of mercury containing Tibetan Medicine, 764 days ± 1214 (range 135–7330) vs. 103 days ± 111 (range 0–426), respectively ( P ≤ 0.001). Comparison of treatment groups with healthy referents (Group 3) not taking Tibetan Medicine showed no significant differences in prevalence of 23 non-specific symptoms of mercury toxicity, abnormal neurological, cardiovascular and dental findings and no correlation with mercury exposure variables; consumption, cumulative treatment days, blood/ urine Hg. Liver and renal function tests in treatment groups were not significantly increased compared to referents, with mean urine Beta2 Microglobulin within the normal range and not significantly associated with Hg exposure variables after correcting for confounding variables. Neurocognitive testing showed no significant intergroup differences for Wechsler Memory Scale, Grooved Pegboard, Visual Retention, but Group1 scores were better for Mini-Mental, Brief Word Learning, Verbal Fluency after correcting for confounding variables. These results suggest mercury containing Tibetan Medicine does not have appreciable adverse effects and may exert a possible beneficial effect on neurocognitive function. Since evidence of mercury as a toxic heavy metal, however, is well known, further analysis of literature on mercury use in other Asian traditional systems is highly suggested prior to further studies.

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