scholarly journals The 19th Century Parisian: Social Hierarchy and Female Sexuality Through the Lens of Impressionist Art and Naturalist Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Christiane Dimler
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Class A ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
The 19Th Century

Throughout the 19th century, the formation of modern, industrial Paris resulted in a dramatic rise in prostitution. An intense period of urbanization resulting from an ever increasing fixation with commodification and industrialization, in addition to the relentless objectification and sexualization of women at the hands of the patriarchy, acted as a catalyst for the commodification of women (partiuclarly those associated with the working class) - a phenomenon that was to capture the attention of numerous 19th century artists and writers.

scholarly journals Designing the social estate of odnodvortsy of the western provinces in 1831

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Constantin Vadimovich Troianowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Category ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article investigates the process of designing of the new social estate in imperial Russia - odnodvortsy of the western provinces. This social category was designed specifically for those petty szlachta who did not possess documents to prove their noble ancestry and status. The author analyses deliberations on the subject that took place in the Committee for the Western Provinces. The author focuses on the argument between senior imperial officials and the Grodno governor Mikhail Muraviev on the issue of registering petty szlachta in fiscal rolls. Muraviev argued against setting up a special fiscal-administrative category for petty szlachta suggesting that its members should join the already existing unprivileged categories of peasants and burgers. Because this proposal ran against the established fiscal practices, the Committee opted for creating a distinct social estate for petty szlachta. The existing social estate paradigm in Russia pre-assigned the location of the new soslovie in the imperial social hierarchy. Western odnodvortsy were to be included into a broad legal status category of the free inhabitants. Despite similarity of the name, the new estate was not modeled on the odnodvortsy of the Russian provinces because they retained from the past certain privileges (e.g. the right to possess serfs) that did not correspond to the 19th century attributes of unprivileged social estates.

Infectious thinking: the pathophysiology of 19th-century pedagogy

2020 ◽  
pp. medhum-2019-011827
Author(s):  
Jonathan Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Training System ◽  
National Education ◽  
Modern School ◽  
System A ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

Systems for improving public health and organisations for providing national education were two of the great reforming achievements of 19th-century Britain. Despite the overlapping personnel and historical contemporaneity, scholars have rarely considered the two projects in tandem. This essay shows that developments in public health were at the heart of two foundational moments in the rise of 19th-century mass schooling. The originators of the monitorial system, a method of peer-educating working-class children cheaply that dominated British mass schooling at the turn of the 19th century, were deeply invested in the origin and spread of vaccination. Similarly, the first state teacher training system was conceived by a medical doctor in the 1830s, who first rose to prominence investigating cholera in Manchester earlier in the decade. Using archives of school providers, training institutions and the educational state apparatus, I show that medical prophylactic interventions of vaccination and sanitary reform helped galvanise the government into educational reform, by imagining the working class as pathological and providing templates for their palliation. By showing that the roots of the modern school system were deeply imbricated in attempts to combat smallpox and cholera, both in form and in epistemology, this paper argue that critical medical humanists should consider the role of epidemiological thinking in institutions and disciplines which seem, on first sight, removed from the clinic and the lab.

Falling birth rate in the capitalist countries of Western Europe

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 520-523
Author(s):  
F. G. Mukhamedyarov
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
The Social ◽  
Maternal Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Status Of Women

The beginning of a sharp decline in the birth rate in Europe dates back to the last quarter of the 19th century, the period of the heyday of capitalism, when the exploitation of the working class takes on the most refined forms, the contradiction between the social status of women and her maternal function appears sharper and brighter.

Labour united and divided from the 1830s to the present

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
British Labour ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The 19Th Century

Spanning a period which stretches from the 19th century to the present day, this book takes a novel look at the British labour movement by examining the interaction between trade unions, the Labour Party, other parties of the Left, and other groups such as the Co-op movement and the wider working class, to highlight the dialectic nature of these relationships, marked by consensus and dissention. It shows that, although perceived as a source of weakness, those inner conflicts have also been a source of creative tension, at times generating significant breakthroughs. This book seeks to renew and expand the field of British labour studies, setting out new avenues for research so as to widen the audience and academic interest in the field, in a context which makes the revisiting of past struggles and dilemmas more pressing than ever. The book together brings well-established labour historians and political scientists, thus establishing dialogue across disciplines, and younger colleagues who are contributing to the renewal of the field. It provides a range of case studies as well as more wide-ranging assessments of recent trends in labour organising, and will therefore be of interest to academics and students of history and politics, as well as to practitioners, in the British Isles and beyond.

scholarly journals Representations of Female Sexuality in Polish cinema after 1989

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Ostrowska
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Dominant Discourse ◽  
Ideological Discourse ◽  
Representative Model ◽  
National Ideology ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Representation Of Sexuality

REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMALE SEXUALITY IN POLISH CINEMA AFTER 1989: LIBERATION OR COMMODIFICATION? IN CONSIDERING the issue of female sexuality in Polish cinema after 1989 it is necessary to locate it within the broader context of the Polish ideological discourse on femininity and the representation of sexuality in Polish cinema. First, it can be claimed that specific historical circumstances resulted in the domination of national issues over that of gender, and that gender roles were predominantly defined according to the demands of the national ideology of Polishness. The origins of the Polish dominant discourse on femininity can be found in the 19th century, particularly when the myth of the Polish Mother was created. (1) The analysis of representations of this myth in Polish art demonstrates strongly that they were based on the tradition of the representation of the Virgin Mary. Using this representative model inevitably led to a de-sexualization...

scholarly journals The Role of British Legislations and the Working Class Movement in Bombay: A Historical Study of the Factory Acts of 1881 and 1891 in India.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Avkash Daulatrao Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
World History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

India has been a country to raise inquisitiveness from ancient times. The era of colonialism in India unfolds many dimensions of struggle by the natives and the attempts of travesty by the imperialist powers. This paper will focus on the two landmark legislation of the end of the 19th century specifically pertaining to the labour conditions in India. The changing paradigms of the urban and rural labour underwent a phenomenal change by the mid 19th century. The characteristic which distinguishes the modern period in world history from all past periods is the fact of economic growth.   

scholarly journals The Making of Business Nobility. The Social Rise of Austrian Businessmen after 1848

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2021) (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Županič
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Entire Family ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fundamental Transformation ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, the society of the Habsburg monarchy underwent a fundamental transformation. The changes associated with the year 1848 and the demise of the estate society also significantly affected the social position of businessmen. Their position before this date was not legally defined and prestige did not depend on their property, but on their place in the traditional ranking of the social hierarchy associated with the possession of burgher rights or the noble title. Their prestige began to grow after this date, mainly due to the ever closer cooperation with the state and growing political influence. In the new era, the noble title was not a prerequisite for belonging to the elite, but for many people it was still a symbol of prestige and many businessmen sought it. They saw in it a demonstration of their achievements and a fulcrum for the historical memory of their entire family.

Arbeitersprache: A Fiction?

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 87-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vandenbussche
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Spelling Word

Abstract. This article discusses the structure of working class language use {Arbeitersprache) in Bruges during the 19th century. It will be demonstrated that the written language of this 'silent majority' of the population was a defective and ill-construed code, displaying defects at all linguistic levels, and consequently testifying of semi-literacy or near-literacy. Through a set of representative text samples, we will discuss such features as inconsequent spelling, word omission, unfinished sentences, lack of coherence and stylistic unstableness. Through a comparison of examples from the beginning and the end of the 19th century, written by both trade servants and masters, it will be shown that defective language use was not limited to lower groups of the working class, nor to the earlier years of the century. At the end of this article, we will argue that a discussion of 19th century language use (and of 'Arbeitersprache' in particular) should not only concentrate on the writer's social class; social processes like literacy and schooling, which go beyond class boundaries, may have a far higher explanatory value in these matters.

The Making of the Heiltsuk Working Class: Methodism, Time Discipline, and Capitalist Subjectivities

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
Michael Harkin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Wage Labor ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Heiltsuk,1 a First Nation group in British Columbia, first encountered Europeans around the beginning of the 19th century. By the 1830s, they were thoroughly engaged in the trans-Pacific fur trade and the burgeoning commercial economy of the region. The fur trade generated considerable wealth for Heiltsuk traders, who maintained autonomy as providers of an important commodity. However, by the 1880s, many Heiltsuk were employed as wage-laborers, working at a nearby cannery, or as part of logging or commercial fishing crews. This shift to a wage-labor economy was accompanied by ideological shifts, a product of formal education and, in particular, the teachings of Methodist missionaries. Using E.P. Thompson’s study of the English working class in the early Industrial Revolution, and his concept of ‘time discipline,’ these ideological transformations are viewed as components of capitalist subjectivities.

Suicide, Social Reform, and the Elision of Working-Class Resistance in Rebecca Harding Davis'sLife in the Iron Mills

Prospects ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 137-175
Author(s):  
Kevin Grauke
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Environmental Determinism ◽  
Tillie Olsen ◽  
Sister Carrie ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since 1972, the year that Tillie Olsen and the Feminist Press resurrected it, Rebecca Harding Davis'sLife in the Iron Mills, which presents the tragic circumstances of the life of a Welsh furnace tender, has primarily been discussed in terms of it being an unjustly forgotten forerunner of such realist fiction of the later decades of the 19th century as Frank Norris'sMcTeague(1899) and Theodore Dreiser'sSister Carrie(1900). With its portrait of the “tragic realities of the immigrant poor, the cynicism of factory owners, [and] the brutality of working class life,” it has been widely praised for being “the earliest notable experiment of American realism,” for exemplifying a literary theory of the commonplace two decades prior to William Dean Howells's better-known theory of the same, and for dramatizing the “socioeconomic implications of environmental determinism” several years prior to Émile Zola's naturalism.

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