Arbeitersprache: A Fiction?

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 87-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vandenbussche
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Spelling Word

Abstract. This article discusses the structure of working class language use {Arbeitersprache) in Bruges during the 19th century. It will be demonstrated that the written language of this 'silent majority' of the population was a defective and ill-construed code, displaying defects at all linguistic levels, and consequently testifying of semi-literacy or near-literacy. Through a set of representative text samples, we will discuss such features as inconsequent spelling, word omission, unfinished sentences, lack of coherence and stylistic unstableness. Through a comparison of examples from the beginning and the end of the 19th century, written by both trade servants and masters, it will be shown that defective language use was not limited to lower groups of the working class, nor to the earlier years of the century. At the end of this article, we will argue that a discussion of 19th century language use (and of 'Arbeitersprache' in particular) should not only concentrate on the writer's social class; social processes like literacy and schooling, which go beyond class boundaries, may have a far higher explanatory value in these matters.

Infectious thinking: the pathophysiology of 19th-century pedagogy

2020 ◽  
pp. medhum-2019-011827
Author(s):  
Jonathan Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Training System ◽  
National Education ◽  
Modern School ◽  
System A ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

Systems for improving public health and organisations for providing national education were two of the great reforming achievements of 19th-century Britain. Despite the overlapping personnel and historical contemporaneity, scholars have rarely considered the two projects in tandem. This essay shows that developments in public health were at the heart of two foundational moments in the rise of 19th-century mass schooling. The originators of the monitorial system, a method of peer-educating working-class children cheaply that dominated British mass schooling at the turn of the 19th century, were deeply invested in the origin and spread of vaccination. Similarly, the first state teacher training system was conceived by a medical doctor in the 1830s, who first rose to prominence investigating cholera in Manchester earlier in the decade. Using archives of school providers, training institutions and the educational state apparatus, I show that medical prophylactic interventions of vaccination and sanitary reform helped galvanise the government into educational reform, by imagining the working class as pathological and providing templates for their palliation. By showing that the roots of the modern school system were deeply imbricated in attempts to combat smallpox and cholera, both in form and in epistemology, this paper argue that critical medical humanists should consider the role of epidemiological thinking in institutions and disciplines which seem, on first sight, removed from the clinic and the lab.

Polarization and the Emergence of a Written Marker. A Diachronic Corpus Study of the Adnominal Genitive in German

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-182
Author(s):  
Simon Pickl
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Data Basis ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Divergent Development ◽  
Early New High German ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Usage

This article investigates the diachrony of the adnominal genitive in written German by analyzing its usage in a diachronic corpus of sermons from the Upper German dialect area spanning the time from the 9th to the 19th century. The wide temporal scope allows for a better assessment of the events relating to the genitive’s disappearance from spoken German in Early New High German and the successive rise of its adnominal form in written German. Sermons make it possible to study the phenomenon over a long time because they provide a relatively consistent data basis in terms of genre and region. At the same time, as a genre that has characteristics of both spoken and written language, sermons show signs of changing stylistic trends, which makes them valuable for gaining insights in the divergent development of genitive use in spoken and written German. In order to characterize this divergence better, I use the concept of polarization, which describes the differentiation of linguistic usage between disparate contexts such as speech and writing. It becomes clear that the changes in genitive use found in the corpus cannot be viewed independently of sociopragmatic factors and their impact on the stylistic shape of the texts.*

scholarly journals BAHASA ARAB STANDARD

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Yetti Hasnah
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Simple Form ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The 19Th Century

Arabic Fusha is a language that is maintained and in principle same as Arabic which is used in the time of Jahiliya and the beginning of Islam. Whereas Arabic Amiya is Arabic has undergone many changes from the form of the Fusha, both from the aspect of vocabulary and structure. At the end of the 19th century there was an appeal to use Arabic Amiya as an oral and written language. The reason is because it is used by the Arab community in general and because of its simple form and structure. On the other hand, there are many defenders of Arabic Fusha who offer a number of weaknesses in Arabic Amiya as the reason for their rejection. In fact, both types of Arabic language still exist in Arabic society with their respective functions.

scholarly journals Kuidas kajastus üleminek vanalt kirjaviisilt uuele Peetri kohtuprotokollide keeles

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Kristiine Kurema
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Parallel Forms ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second Period

Artiklis antakse ülevaade 2013. aasta kevadel Tartu ülikoolis kaitstud bakalaureusetööst, milles uuriti eesti kirjakeele kasutust 19. sajandi teisel poolel. Lisaks oli töö eesmärgiks anda selgem ülevaade eesti kirjakeele keskmurdepärasusest. Uurimismaterjaliks olid Peetri kihelkonna kohtuprotokollid aastatest 1869.–1870. ja 1884. Analüüsiti kohtuprotokollide ortograafiat, häälikulisi jooni ja morfoloogiat. Iga uurimisaspekti käsitleti mõlema perioodi kohtuprotokollides eraldi ning seejärel võrreldi kahe perioodi keelekasutust. Selgus, et mõlema perioodi kirjapanekutes on sarnasusi Peetri murrakuga, aga neid ilmneb rohkem 1869.–1870. aasta protokollides. Esimese perioodi kohtuprotokollide kirjapanemisel on lähtutud vanast kirjaviisist ning neid iseloomustavad rohked paralleelvormid ja häälikuline varieeruvus. Teise perioodi kohtuprotokollides oli kasutusel uus kirjaviis ning need on keeleliselt ühtlasemad ja tänapäeva eesti kirjakeelega sarnasemad. See näitab eesti kirjakeele seisundi tugevnemist juba 1880. aastatel.Transition from the old orthography to the new during the second half of the 19th century based on the court protocols of Peetri parish. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the research which examined how the old orthography was replaced by the new during the second half of the 19th century. In addition, this study illustrated the resemblance of the 19th century’s Estonian written language and the Estonian central dialect. The data from the court protocols of the parish Peetri were analysed for that purpose. The practical section focused on the study of orthography, phonetic features and the morphology were studied. The research revealed that the court protocols from the first period were written using the old orthography and the court protocols from the second period were mostly written using the new orthography. In the court protocols from the first period there are more parallel forms and phonetic variety. In conclusion, protocols from both period there were typical features of the Peetri dialect.

scholarly journals “The morning star of Wittenberg”: Katharina von Bora’s image in the historical memory of Germany in 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-22
Author(s):  
Anna Moisa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Complete Representation ◽  
Women's Identity ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Morning Star ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article explores various ways Katharina von Bora Martin Luther’s wife was perceived by the German intellectuals in the 19th century. The author intends not only to reveal the reasons of turning to this person in a certain historical period but also to define the key differences in her image’s interpretation compared to the previous centuries. To achieve this goal the author explores the biographical works, which were dedicated to the wife of the founder of the Reformation tradition and their married life. Such similar genre of works gives the most complete representation of the dynamical transformation of Katharina’s image, which was conditioned by social processes in Germany during the whole of the 19th century: starting with the private life development during the Biedermeier period and ending with high industrialization and the rise of the national feelings. Another important role plays the growth of the German women’s movement. Therefore, it is possible to see the construction of a “new” Katharina von Bora in every period, and with it a new ideal of women’s identity, a moral example for the lady of the house self-identification.

The “Slovakization” of 19th-Century Migrants from Upper Hungary to the United States: A Case Study in the Politics of Language Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 840-852
Author(s):  
Stephen O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

AbstractUse of the Slovak literary language was central to the Slovak nationalist political movement in the Kingdom of Hungary before 1918. Yet beyond a Slovak nationalist intelligentsia of just 1,000 or so individuals, this idea had little purchase among the claimed nation of two million Slovak-speakers living in “Upper Hungary”—who Slovak nationalists typically understood as lacking sufficient “national consciousness” to support their political aims. As mass, transatlantic migration led to nearly half a million Slovak-speakers leaving Upper Hungary for the United States between 1870 and 1914, these linked issues of language use and “national consciousness” were carried over to the migrant colony. Rather than being a widely held sentiment among migrants from Upper Hungary, this article shows how Slovak national consciousness was generated within the Slovak American community in the final decades of the 19th century. This case study shows how a small group of nationalist leaders consciously promoted literary Slovak as the “print language” of the migrant colony to instill the idea of a common, Slovak nationhood among migrants living on the other side of the Atlantic—a project that helped in turn to create a Slovak national homeland in central Europe after the First World War.

Falling birth rate in the capitalist countries of Western Europe

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 520-523
Author(s):  
F. G. Mukhamedyarov
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
The Social ◽  
Maternal Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Status Of Women

The beginning of a sharp decline in the birth rate in Europe dates back to the last quarter of the 19th century, the period of the heyday of capitalism, when the exploitation of the working class takes on the most refined forms, the contradiction between the social status of women and her maternal function appears sharper and brighter.

Labour united and divided from the 1830s to the present

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
British Labour ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The 19Th Century

Spanning a period which stretches from the 19th century to the present day, this book takes a novel look at the British labour movement by examining the interaction between trade unions, the Labour Party, other parties of the Left, and other groups such as the Co-op movement and the wider working class, to highlight the dialectic nature of these relationships, marked by consensus and dissention. It shows that, although perceived as a source of weakness, those inner conflicts have also been a source of creative tension, at times generating significant breakthroughs. This book seeks to renew and expand the field of British labour studies, setting out new avenues for research so as to widen the audience and academic interest in the field, in a context which makes the revisiting of past struggles and dilemmas more pressing than ever. The book together brings well-established labour historians and political scientists, thus establishing dialogue across disciplines, and younger colleagues who are contributing to the renewal of the field. It provides a range of case studies as well as more wide-ranging assessments of recent trends in labour organising, and will therefore be of interest to academics and students of history and politics, as well as to practitioners, in the British Isles and beyond.

scholarly journals The 19th Century Parisian: Social Hierarchy and Female Sexuality Through the Lens of Impressionist Art and Naturalist Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Christiane Dimler
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Class A ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
The 19Th Century

Throughout the 19th century, the formation of modern, industrial Paris resulted in a dramatic rise in prostitution. An intense period of urbanization resulting from an ever increasing fixation with commodification and industrialization, in addition to the relentless objectification and sexualization of women at the hands of the patriarchy, acted as a catalyst for the commodification of women (partiuclarly those associated with the working class) - a phenomenon that was to capture the attention of numerous 19th century artists and writers.

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