scholarly journals An Important Milgram-Holocaust Linkage: Formal Rationality

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nestar Russell
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Formal Rationality ◽  
Stanley Milgram ◽  
Baseline Experiment ◽  
Made In ◽  
Obedience To Authority

After Stanley Milgram published his first official Obedience to Authority baseline experiment, some scholars drew parallels between his findings and the Holocaust. These comparisons are now termed the Milgram-Holocaust linkage. However, because the Obedience studies have been shown to differ in many ways from the Holocaust’s finer historical details, more recent literature has challenged the linkage. In this article I argue that the Obedience studies and the Holocaust share two commonalities that are so significant that they may negate the importance others have attributed to the differences. These commonalities are (1) an end-goal of maximising “ordinary” people’s participation in harm infliction and (2) a reliance on Weberian formal rational techniques of discovery to achieve this end-goal. Using documents obtained from Milgram’s personal archive at Yale University, this article reveals the means-to-end learning processes Milgram utilised during his pilot studies in order to maximise ordinary people’s participation in harm-infliction in his official baseline experiment. This article then illustrates how certain Nazi innovators relied on the same techniques of discovery during the invention of the Holocaust, more specifically the so-called Holocaust by bullets. In effect, during both the Obedience studies and the Holocaust processes were developed that made, in each case, the undoable doable.

The Roots of Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Experiments and Their Relevance to the Holocaust

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Blass
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Psychologist ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Stanley Milgram ◽  
Detailed Presentation ◽  
Obedience To Authority

AbstractDrawing on archival materials, interviews, as well as published sources, this article traces the roots of one of the most important and controversial studies in the social sciences, the experiments on obedience to authority conducted by the social psychologist, Stanley Milgram. Milgram’s research had two determinants: First, his attempt to account for the Holocaust and, second, his intention to apply Solomon Asch’s technique for studying conformity to behavior of greater human consequence than judging lengths of lines-the task which was the original focus in Asch’s studies. After a detailed presentation of these antecedents of Milgram’s work, the article concludes with a brief discussion of the applicability of the obedience experiments to the behavior of the perpetrators of the Holocaust.

scholarly journals Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority Experiments: Towards an Understanding of Their Relevance in Explaining Aspects of the Nazi Holocaust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nestar John Charles Russell
Keyword(s):  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Organisational Context ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Social Psychologist ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Stanley Milgram ◽  
Obedience To Authority

<p>Two leading Holocaust historians, Yehuda Bauer and Christopher Browning, have in recent years independently asked how so many ordinary Germans (most of whom in the 1930s had been moderately anti-Semitic) could become by the early 1940s willing murderers of Jews. Social psychologist, Stanley Milgram, had years before been interested in finding answers to similar questions, and to that end in the early 1960s carried out his widely debated "Obedience to Authority" (OTA) experiments at Yale University. Drawing on previously unpublished material from Milgram's personal archive at Yale, this thesis investigates how Milgram developed his research idea to the point where, by the time he ran his first official experiment, he was able to convert the majority of his ordinary subjects into torturers of other people. It is argued that Milgram's experiments were in themselves structured as a bureaucratic microcosm, and say less about obedience to authority, per se, than about the ways in which people in an organisational context resolve a pressing moral dilemma. The thesis uses insights gained from Milgram's experimental innovations to assist in answering the question posed by Bauer and by Browning, focusing on the Nazis' progressive development of mass killing methods, from 1941 to 1944, during Operation Barbarossa and Operation Reinhard. It is shown how these methods were designed to diminish perpetrators' perceptual stimulation, in order to make the "undoable" increasingly "doable", in ways that were later reflected in Milgram's development of his own experimental methodology.</p>

scholarly journals Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority Experiments: Towards an Understanding of Their Relevance in Explaining Aspects of the Nazi Holocaust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nestar John Charles Russell
Keyword(s):  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Organisational Context ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Social Psychologist ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Stanley Milgram ◽  
Obedience To Authority

<p>Two leading Holocaust historians, Yehuda Bauer and Christopher Browning, have in recent years independently asked how so many ordinary Germans (most of whom in the 1930s had been moderately anti-Semitic) could become by the early 1940s willing murderers of Jews. Social psychologist, Stanley Milgram, had years before been interested in finding answers to similar questions, and to that end in the early 1960s carried out his widely debated "Obedience to Authority" (OTA) experiments at Yale University. Drawing on previously unpublished material from Milgram's personal archive at Yale, this thesis investigates how Milgram developed his research idea to the point where, by the time he ran his first official experiment, he was able to convert the majority of his ordinary subjects into torturers of other people. It is argued that Milgram's experiments were in themselves structured as a bureaucratic microcosm, and say less about obedience to authority, per se, than about the ways in which people in an organisational context resolve a pressing moral dilemma. The thesis uses insights gained from Milgram's experimental innovations to assist in answering the question posed by Bauer and by Browning, focusing on the Nazis' progressive development of mass killing methods, from 1941 to 1944, during Operation Barbarossa and Operation Reinhard. It is shown how these methods were designed to diminish perpetrators' perceptual stimulation, in order to make the "undoable" increasingly "doable", in ways that were later reflected in Milgram's development of his own experimental methodology.</p>

scholarly journals 3D IMAGING OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES: A REVIEW

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Pirard
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Estimation ◽  
Individual Particles ◽  
Made In

In recent years, impressive progress has been made in digital imaging and in particular in three dimensional visualisation and analysis of objects. This paper reviews the most recent literature on three dimensional imaging with a special attention to particulate systems analysis. After an introduction recalling some important concepts in spatial sampling and digital imaging, the paper reviews a series of techniques with a clear distinction between the surfometric and volumetric principles. The literature review is as broad as possible covering materials science as well as biology while keeping an eye on emerging technologies in optics and physics. The paper should be of interest to any scientist trying to picture particles in 3D with the best possible resolution for accurate size and shape estimation. Though techniques are adequate for nanoscopic and microscopic particles, no special size limit has been considered while compiling the review.

scholarly journals Decontamination methods of personal protective equipment for repeated utilization in medical/surgical settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Kharbat ◽  
Adin Mizer ◽  
Mimi Zumwalt
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
N95 Respirators ◽  
Made In

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected citizens and healthcare workers worldwide due to a number of important factors. The transmission of the SARS CoV-2 microorganism, the pathogen that causes COVID-19 infection, occurs through droplet and aerosol spread due to coughs and sneezes from infected patients. A panicked public began hoarding medical supplies and personal protective equipment (PPE), leaving healthcare workers to care for patients without adequate protection. A literature review was conducted to better understand the options available to hospital and healthcare system administrators as they develop necessary protocols for the conservation and possible reuse of PPE. This review is based upon the peer-reviewed studies of various scientific investigators, biotechnology researchers, governmental agency health officials, including meta-analyses, preliminary/pilot studies, and policy statements. Current findings indicate that extended usage of N95 respirators is practical since there are methods available for the decontamination/repeated use of N95 respirators. In evaluating the efficacy of such methods, the safety of healthcare workers is important in deciding which method to recommend. Available evidence supports the use of the Bioquell Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor (HPV) system for decontaminating N95 respirators. Information on other PPE will also be discussed about more specific items. Informed decisions regarding the policies of hospitals and healthcare systems must be considered, and with the safety of healthcare workers in mind, both factors influenced the recommendations made in this comprehensive review.

scholarly journals Studies on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío region of Chile

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Ireland ◽  
Gilda Bellolio ◽  
Roberto Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Larraín
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New Taxa ◽  
New Records ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
South Central ◽  
Made In

An extensive study was made on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region (VIII Región) in south-central Chile in 2001-2003. Collections were made in all four provinces of the region: Arauco, Bío-Bío, Concepción and Ñuble. Approximately 265 localities in the region were explored with over 6,000 mosses collected in the four provinces. The mosses of this region had not previously been studied to any great extent and with part of the region’s environment being destroyed by the construction of several dams on one of the major rivers, the Bío-Bío, the study of this area seemed of utmost importance. Thus far, a total of 20 taxa were found which are new to Chile, making a total of 877 known for the country, with four new taxa known for South America. An additional 87 taxa are reported new only to the Bío-Bío Region. That number, together with some new records from the recent literature, increases the total for the Region from 190 to 300. It was determined from the 87 new taxa for the Bío-Bío Region that the majority (41) represent northern extensions of taxa, while a much smaller number (10) represent southern extensions. The remainder (36) fill in a gap in the distribution of the taxa between the northern and southern parts of the country. Many difficult species still remain to be identified and the number of species new to science, to Chile and to the Bío-Bío Region, is certain to increase when the remaining specimens are identified.

Digital Storytelling as a Self-Regulated Learning Tool

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinan Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Digital Storytelling ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Learning Tool ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
Digital Stories ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Made In

The purpose of this chapter is, as a self-regulated learning tool, to focus on digital storytelling by uncovering relationship between digital storytelling and self-regulated learning process/based on research findings made in the its field. Within this focus, firstly, concept of digital storytelling was theoretically addressed; researches made in learning-teaching for use have been presented; later, self-regulated learning processes and strategies have been defined and given examples. Finally, research findings on the use of digital stories as self-regulated learning tools have been shared.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document