The Status of White Spruce Plantations on Lake States National Forests

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen W. Erickson ◽  
H. Michael Rauscher
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
National Forests ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lake States

White Spruce Plantations in the Upper Great Lakes Region: Status and Problem-Solving Needs

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Michael Rauscher
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Upper Great Lakes ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Final Harvest ◽  
Extensive List ◽  
Forest Managers

Abstract This paper summarizes discussions on the status of white spruce plantations of knowledgeable forest managers and researchers representing federal, state, county, university, and private organizations. These discussions cover such topics as the establishment, intermediate silviculture, final harvest, and growth and yield of white spruce plantations. Also included is an extensive list of major problem areas relevant to the management of white spruce plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:146-149, Sept. 1987.

The phenology of white spruce and the spruce budworm in northern Alberta

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J.A. Volney ◽  
H.F. Cerezke
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Models ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
The Status ◽  
Northern Alberta ◽  
Population Suppression ◽  
Host Development ◽  
Lethal Doses

Studies on the development of spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) on white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) were conducted in northern Alberta in 1969 and again in 1990. The phenology of this insect and its host were described using stochastic models. The synchrony between host and insect is remarkable; each instar specializes on a particular shoot developmental stage, with feeding ceasing when shoots start to become lignified. There was little difference between estimates for the duration of the feeding stages of populations observed in 1969 and those studied in 1990. The models also described the variation that might be encountered in treatment blocks when operational considerations of scheduling treatments over large areas are a concern. When measured in degree-days, the initiation of emergence is later and the postemergence period is shorter in these northern populations than those reported for populations in southern Canada on the same host. The nature of the seasonal controls of spruce budworm development is unknown, but the differences between northern and southern populations of the insect suggest that knowledge of these controls will be invaluable if the status of these populations is to be evaluated under climate-change scenarios. The synchrony with host development and the short duration of the early instars together with their habit of feeding in protected locations under bud caps suggest that aerially applied controls that depend on the insect acquiring lethal doses through ingestion have to be targeted to the last, sixth, instar. These observations also suggest that population suppression, rather than foliage protection, would be the better control strategy.

Inheritance and correlations of frost injury, growth, flowering, and cone characteristics in white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Nienstaedt
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
The Impact

White spruce progenies from the Lake States (61) and from the Ottawa River Valley, Ontario (31), were tested in north-central Wisconsin. Transplants were raised in nurseries in Wisconsin and Ontario and planted in 1969 in an open field after thorough weed control. Observations in the Wisconsin nursery and in the field between 1971 and 1979 are reported. They included heights, frost damage, spring vegetative growth phenology, strobili production, and three cone characteristics. The discussion concentrates on the relationships between heights and the other measured characteristics. Frost damage proved difficult to assess. In the year of frost, damage is severe, a 50% growth reduction, and the fastest growing trees are most severely damaged. However, in environments with only occasional late spring frosts, permanent damage is negligible. Spring growth initiation was not correlated significantly with total height growth or frost damage. Breeding of late-flushing genotypes that can avoid frost damage is questionable in spite of the high heritability for flushing. Female strobili production was substantial at age 10 years, male production was not. Even so, generation turnovers of 10–15 years may be possible. The impact of fecundity on growth potential is discussed as it relates to multigeneration breeding.

The Logging Sector in the Lake States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: Status, Issues, and Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-514
Author(s):  
Shivan G C ◽  
Karen Potter-Witter ◽  
Charles R Blinn ◽  
Mark Rickenbach
Keyword(s):  
Business Owners ◽  
Mail Surveys ◽  
The Status ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Operational Capacity

Abstract Coordinated mail surveys of logging businesses in the Lake States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin were conducted in spring 2017 to assess the status and capacity of the sector in 2016. Many similarities among logging businesses were noted across the region. Despite the presence of many small logging businesses, much of the volume (58 percent) is produced by a few large producers (13 percent) who seem to have an advantage over their smaller counterparts. Businesses and business owners are aging (average business duration, 27 years and average owner age, 54 years), and the majority are producing below their full operational capacity and achieving break-even profit levels. About one-fourth of the businesses intend to exit the market in the next 5 years, and there is a lack of factors attracting new workforce members into business. Differences exist among states in terms of harvesting systems used, source and method of timber procurement, and transportation strategy adopted.

The status of North Carolina's national forests, 2002

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja N. Oswalt ◽  
Tony G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
National Forests ◽  
The Status

Performance of a Tree Survival Model on National Forests

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald G. Buchman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Model ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Actual Survival

Abstract Tree survival from 546 re-measured permanent plots on four Lake States national forests was compared to predicted survival obtained using an individual-tree survival model. A survival summary was developed by 1-in diameter class for each of 15 species. For trees 4.5 in and larger the model provided good estimates of the actual survival. For trees 1.0 to 4.5 in the results were mixed, showing overprediction for three species and underprediction for four. These differences are partially attributed to the small samples. The predicted rate for all trees of a species, i.e., the composite, agreed with the field results demonstrating the applicability of the model to these forests. North. J. Appl. For. 2:114-116, Dec. 1985.

Forest productivity and land ownership in the U.S. Lake States

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1736-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C Stier ◽  
Kwang-Koo Kim ◽  
David W Marcouiller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Silvicultural Practice ◽  
Lake States ◽  
The U.S

The characteristics of forest growing stock and its rate of growth are important determinants of current stand value, silvicultural practice, and future productivity. The level of silvicultural practice, or management intensity, affects the productive potential of timber yield. Among forest ownership groups, the conventional wisdom holds that the forest-products industry manages lands of relatively higher productivity and applies more intensive silvicultural practices to maximize timber production. This appears to be the case throughout the United States, except in the North Central Region. We analyzed forest inventory data to test whether there are differences in potential timber productivity across ownerships and examined the relationships between land ownership and the level of growing stock productivity and net annual growth for 101 counties in the U.S. Lake States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Results suggest that, in contrast with the rest of the United States, industrial private forest owners of the Lake States operate on sites of inferior quality relative to other forest owners. The most productive sites in the region are in the national forests, which also carry average levels of growing stock that are higher than those of other landowners. Constraints on timber supply from the national forests could limit the potential of regional forest products led economic growth in the Lake States.

The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
The Status ◽  
Si Doped ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

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