scholarly journals Internal organs and pathologies in birds in the urban environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Людмила Владимировна Клетикова ◽  
Всеволод Алексеевич Пономарев ◽  
Любовь Васильевна Маловичко
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Liver Mass ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Heart Mass ◽  
Hooded Crows ◽  
Tubular Bones

Врановые птицы являются наиболее многочисленными в орнитофауне городов Ивановской области. В связи с этим возрос интерес к изучению эколого-физиологических особенностей врановых птиц. Данная работа просвещена изучению относительной массы внутренних органов и заболеваний у врановых. Анализ данных показал, что наибольшая относительная масса сердца была у ворона; печени - у сойки и галки; желудка - у сойки и серой вороны; кишечника - у серой вороны и сороки; легких - у ворона; почек - у галки и серой вороны; селезенки - у серой вороны; поджелудочной железы - у ворона. Наиболее часто встречаются травмы: ампутация фаланг пальцев, колотые и рваные раны, переломы трубчатых костей ног и крыльев, гемартрозы, трещины грудной кости. Вороны часто страдают пододерматитом и панкреатитом, серые вороны - спленитом, сороки и галки - ожирением, галки и сойки - гепатозом, серые вороны - гистомонозом печени. Corvids are the most numerous birds in the avifauna of the cities of the Ivanovo Region. In this regard, interest in the study of the ecological and physiological characteristics of corvids has increased. This work is enlightened by the study of the relative mass of internal organs and diseases in corvids. Analysis of the data showed that the raven had the highest relative heart mass; jays and jackdaws have the highest relative liver mass; while the highest relative mass of stomach is recorded in jays and hooded crows. The highest relative mass of the intestines is shown in hooded crows and magpies; heaviest lungs are reported for ravens. Kidneys are heaviest at jackdaws and hooded crows; spleen has the highest relative mass in hooded crows; pancreas is heaviest in crows. The most common injuries are loss of the phalanges of toes, stab and laceration wounds, and fractures of the tubular bones of the legs and wings, hemarthrosis, cracks in the chest bone. Ravens often suffer from pododermatitis and pancreatitis, hooded crows suffer from splenitis, magpies and jackdaws shows signs of obesity, jackdaws, and jays often demonstrate hepatosis, while hooded crows are susceptible to liver histomonosis.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JUVENILE STURGEON REARED IN HATCHERIES OF THE ASTRAKHAN REGION

2017 ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Dmitrievich Aseinov ◽  
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Raspopov ◽  
Yulia Valerievna Sergeyeva
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii ◽  
Juvenile Sturgeon ◽  
Natural Water Body

The article focuses on the study of changeability of morphological and physiological characteristics of 850 specimens of beluga ( Huso huso ) and sturgeon ( Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) juveniles obtained at the Ikryaninskiy and Bertyulskiy sturgeon hatcheries in the Astrakhan region. There was determined weight of the body, heart, liver and spleen, as well as the relative mass of these organs - cardiosomatic, hepatosomatic indices and index of a spleen. Sturgeon juveniles were studied within 47-127 days, beluga juveniles within 40-116 days. Certain tendency was noted: cardiosomatic index decreased with aging in both sturgeon and beluga, i.e. the relative weight of the heart in ontogenesis changes inversely to the body weight, which corresponds to literature data. Comparison of the dynamics of the liver relative weight in sturgeon and beluga juveniles showed that it coincides at two segments: maximum raise to 50-60ths day from the birth and a gradual decrease in older juveniles. The value of spleen index in juveniles of both types rose with aging. It was found in the course of the study that the size of internal organs could change, getting smaller under unfavorable factors, in particular, when juveniles suffer from the lack of feeds. In such circumstances the dynamics of developing main internal organs drastically slows down, which reflects on physiological adequacy (quality) of juveniles. Thus, morphological and physiological indicators characterizing the degree of the vitals development can be used not only for characterizing species differences of the investigated group of fish at all stages of ontogenesis, but as important factor for assessing conditions of Russian sturgeons juvenile breeding and the degree of morphological and physiological maturity of the juveniles before releasing into the natural water body.

scholarly journals Study of the Acute Toxicity of a New Dosage Form of Naloxone Hydrochloride for Intranasal Administration

Drug Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (01) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
Eduard A. Bariev ◽  
Ivan I. Krasnyuk ◽  
Maria N. Anurova ◽  
Elena O. Bakhrushina ◽  
Valery V. Smirnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
General State ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Naloxone Hydrochloride ◽  
Observation Period

AbstractThe experiment was conducted on 10 Wistar rats, male and female, with initial body weight 270–280 g (males) and 250–260 g (females). The drug was administered using a spray cap in 10 doses of 0.1 mg at 45 min intervals. The average cumulative dose of the drug per naloxone hydrochloride was 36.6 mg/kg for males and 39.4 mg/kg for females. The animals were monitored for 2 weeks after the exposure and then euthanized by a gentle decapitation.We noticed that after each drug administration the animals showed a decrease in motor activity. During the observation period there were no animal deaths or signs of abnormalities in their general state or behavior. Beginning on day 7 a significant increase in body weight of the animals was noted in comparison with the initial data. The relative mass of the internal organs of the treated rats remained within the physiological norm.We conclude that naloxone hydrochloride after an intranasal administration at 36.6 mg/kg for males and 39.4 mg/kg for females does not cause death of animals and or have a toxic effect on their general state, does not change their protein metabolism characteristics or the appearance of the internal organs and their mass.

Differences in flight and heart muscle mass among geese, dabbling ducks, and diving ducks relative to habitat use

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 2024-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bethke ◽  
V. G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Dabbling Ducks ◽  
Wing Loading ◽  
Wing Form ◽  
Diving Ducks ◽  
Heart Mass ◽  
Heart Size ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
The Masses

Geese, dabbling ducks, and diving ducks differ in their ability to take off vertically when initiating flight. For three species of goose (N = 127), five species of dabbling ducks (N = 89), and eight species of diving ducks (N = 128), the masses of pectoralis, supracoracoideus, and heart muscles, and two indices of wing form (wing loading and aspect ratio) were measured. Differences in take-off ability among the groups were associated with differences in the mass, i.e., the potential power output, of the flight and heart muscles, and in wing form. Dabbling ducks had the greatest relative mass of flight muscles (p < 0.0001), lowest wing loading, and highest aspect ratio, and elevate almost vertically from the water's surface when taking off. Conversely, diving ducks had the smallest flight muscles, highest wing loading, and smallest aspect ratio, and begin flight by running over the surface of the water to gain sufficient forward velocity. Geese were intermediate between dabbling ducks and diving ducks for these three characteristics. Diving ducks however, had the largest heart mass of the three groups (p < 0.0024). Among diving ducks, heart size increased with the foraging depth of each species. It is suggested that heart size in diving ducks reflects a response to diving superimposed upon the demands for flight.

scholarly journals Brain size in birds is related to traffic accidents

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 161040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Pape Møller ◽  
Johannes Erritzøe
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Lung Mass ◽  
Liver Mass ◽  
Speed Limits ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
The World ◽  
Heart Mass

Estimates suggest that perhaps a quarter of a billion birds are killed by traffic annually across the world. This is surprising because birds have been shown to learn speed limits. Birds have also been shown to adapt to the direction of traffic and lane use, and this apparently results in reduced risks of fatal traffic accidents. Such behavioural differences suggest that individual birds that are not killed in traffic should have larger brains for their body size. We analysed the link between being killed by traffic and relative brain mass in 3521 birds belonging to 251 species brought to a taxidermist. Birds that were killed in traffic indeed had relatively smaller brains, while there was no similar difference for liver mass, heart mass or lung mass. These findings suggest that birds learn the behaviour of car drivers, and that they use their brains to adjust behaviour in an attempt to avoid mortality caused by rapidly and predictably moving objects.

scholarly journals Research of acute toxicity of the drug HEXIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
V. L. Karbovskyy ◽  
I. A. Shevchuk ◽  
O. V. Kurkina ◽  
T. Ye. Makovska
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Female Laboratory

Diseases of the genitourinary system caused by pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms, which result into disbiosis of urinary organs, remain an urgent problem of dermatovenereology, gynecology and urology, despite the fact that there is a significant number of available and new medicines to treat them. The aim of the work was to determine the safety of the preparation Hexia within experiments on animals. The acute toxicity of Hexia has been determined on 20 adult female laboratory rats under the conditions of hourly intravaginal administration of the preparation with a dose of 70 mg/kg during 12 hours, as well as on 20 female laboratory rats and 20 female laboratory mice with a single intragastric administration in a dose of 145 mg/kg. The assessment of the impact of the preparation studied was performed on the basis of the following parameters: a) mortality (terms of death of animals in each group, on a daily basis); b) assessment of toxicity development (on a daily basis), including an assessment of the visual environment of the area of injection (the presence of irritation, redness, edema); c) dynamics of body weight changes (in the initial state, on the 4th, 7th and 14th day after application); d) macroscopy of internal organs, mass coefficients of internal organs within rats (on the 14th day). It has been found that intravaginal application and a single intragastric administration of the preparation Hexia in the form of pessaries, which contain chlorhexidine digluconate, does not result into death of rats and mice, brings no effect on body weight gain, integrative parameters of the functional state of laboratory animals as well as on the relative mass of internal organs, which implies the absence of significant toxic effect of the preparation. Thus, the results of the studies conducted indicate that the median lethal dose for Hexia in case of intravaginal application to rats or intragastric administration to rats and mice is beyond the rate of 500 mg/kg. According to the toxicological classification of substances Hexia belongs to the IV class of toxicity – low toxic substances.

scholarly journals Impact of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyethylene on the organism of mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Lieshchova ◽  
V. V. Brygadyrenko ◽  
N. M. Tishkina ◽  
P. M. Gavrilin ◽  
A. A. Bohomaz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Peripheral Organs ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Impact

Goods of plastic, due to their durability, universality and economical properties are broadly used in all spheres of life. On the whole, polymers are inert and nontoxic, but in the process of their production, various additives are used, which on contact or introduction into an organism has a negative effect on it. In our study, we determined the impact of some types of plastic (polyvinyl chloride, polysterene and polyethylene) on the organism of laboratory animals according to changes in their body weight, indices of mass of the internal organs, and blood parameters. For the experiment, we formed four groups of white male mice at the age of 3 weeks and average body weight of 50 g. For each group, we used different litter. For group I, the litter was sawdust; and for the other groups we added plastic products in different volumes to the sawdust; for group II finely cut polyvinyl chloride, for group III cut polyethylene, and for group IV granules of polystyrene. Every 3 days, we determined the body weight of the animals, and 32 days later we determined mass of the organs, clinical and biochemical parameters of the blood. Addition of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polystyrene into the substrate for mice did not have a significant effect on tempi of growth of body weight, and also relative mass of heart and lungs. Polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene have an immune-suppressive effect, and polyvinyl chloride affects both central and peripheral organs, and polystyrene mostly harms the peripheral organs. All used types of plastic cause leukocytopenia, following which neutrophilia of band neutrophils and monocytosis takes place as a result of damage to the biological barriers. We determined the systemic toxic effect of the studied types of plastic on the internal organs, which manifested in increase in their mass (liver, kidneys), steep increase in the activity of liver enzymes (AST, ALT), simultaneous decrease in activity of alkaline phosphatase and content of cholysterol and glucose in the blood serum of the mice. Also polyvinyl chlorine, polyethylene and polystyrene cause degeneration of the epithelium of the uriniferous tubule, which is manifested in reduction of globulins and creatinine in the blood of animals from the experimental groups following increase in relative mass of the kidneys. The results of our research allow us to state that different types of plastic can cause toxic effect on animals, as well as people who are in frequent contact with them.

scholarly journals Adaptations of the hooded crow (Corvus cornix Linnaeus, 1758) to urban environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Tatyana Borisovna Korotkova ◽  
Nadezhda Yakovlevna Poddubnaya
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Hooded Crow ◽  
Corvus Cornix ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Hooded Crows

The crow birds are an inalienable component of anthropogenic ecosystems and the most successful species is the hooded crow. The success of a species depends on the conformity of a speed of adaptation process to the change rate in the environment. Organisms, adapting to the new environmental parameters in the city, demonstrate adaptive mechanisms, and can be a model for studying the evolutionary process. The process of urbanization of the hooded crow continues at present in many parts of its range, but the causes and mechanisms of these processes are not fully understood. The tasks of our research included finding out the directions and rates of the hooded crow adaptations to the changing urban environment. The research was conducted in 1997-2018. In Cherepovets, the hooded crow began to adapt to the urban environment in the late 1950s. The fastest rate of adaptations of the species was observed in the last decade. The main adaptive processes of the hooded crow in the urban system were the following: 1) territorial changes - occur at different rates, following changes in the urban development of residential buildings and in the age composition of trees, as well as changes in the culture of household waste collection service; 2) changes in the habitats of the hooded crow - are the increase in the tree species used for nesting and changes in the height of the nests, and occur during the last 15 years; 3) changes in seasonal life - in Cherepovets, hooded crows begin breeding 2 weeks earlier than in the vicinity; 4) changes in trophic links - increasing the proportion of anthropogenic feed in the diet of hooded crows as Cherepovets develops; 5) ethological changes - hooded crows became less careful at the end of the 1990s and have learned the skills of extracting food from different packages, cleaning contaminated food and dry food maceration.

MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AFRICAN CATFISH TO HIGH PLANTING DENSITIES IN RAS

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
V.N. Lyubomirova ◽  
◽  
Е. М. Romanova ◽  
V. V. Romanov ◽  
D. А. Kharitonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Liver Mass ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
Heart Mass ◽  
Males And Females

The article presents the results of research on the effect of increased planting density on the body of african catfish. Vital organs that play a fundamental role in fish metabolism were studied: heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen. Morphophysiological adaptations of the african catfish to unfavorable environmental conditions were evaluated. The results showed that an increase in planting density causes a number of negative changes in the fish body. In pools with increased planting density, the average fish mass was significantly less than in the control. The greatest slowdown of the growth rate and biomass set was observed when the planting density increased by 30%. It was established that the liver mass increased with increasing planting density, and males had significantly larger livers than females. Liver indices P and Q increased with increasing planting density in males and females and were higher the higher the planting density. Kidney mass and their P and Q indices in catfish showed that increase in planting density depresses the kidneys, causing a decrease in their mass against the increase in the P and Q indices. With increasing planting density, the absolute weight of fish spleen decreased. A study of the heart mass of the african catfish showed that with increasing planting density, the heart mass and P and Q indices increased, due to the high energy costs of survival.

scholarly journals Nest-site selection of Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) in urban environment

2012 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
László Kövér ◽  
Lajos Juhász ◽  
Péter Gyüre
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Nest Site Selection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Corvus Cornix ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Hooded Crows ◽  
The Given

In the past decade Hooded Crows showed a significant growth in Debrecen. The aim of this study was to become acquainted with Hooded Crows nest-site selection in urban circumstances. The research revealed that Hooded Crows are not choosy when it comes to selecting the species of the trees, but we noticed differences regarding nesting height - Hooded Crows living in the city build their nests in higher regions than those living in places outside Debrecen. We discovered a significant difference between nesting heights and the tree species, which is probably due to the different characteristics shown by the given tree species. As for nesting heights, we found that in typical urban habitats there were no relevant differences shown. Samet the situation, when we compared these habitats in pairs, it came to light that nesting heights - when comparing lonely trees - wood segments and tree raws – wood segments - did not show significant differences too, which can be explained by the various conditions provided by the habitats mentioned.To sum up, during our research the following results emerged:1. Hooded Crows prefer approximately the same nesting heights in all kinds of habitats, urban environment and tree species.2. Nesting height depends on the tree species but independent from habitat.

Re-osteosynthesis of long tubular bones: a book review⋆

Injury ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-349
Author(s):  
H HENKEL
Keyword(s):  
Tubular Bones
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