scholarly journals Autokinesis illusion in fighter flying revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
P Sannigrahi ◽  
A Kumar ◽  
S Mishra ◽  
MS Nataraja
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Aerospace Medicine ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Proprioceptive Stimulus ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Introduction: Autokinesis refers to the perception of motion which is experienced by an aircrew when he fixates his gaze on a stationary point/source of light in an otherwise completely darkened environment. A study was conducted in the Department of Acceleration Physiology and Spatial Orientation, Institute of Aerospace Medicine to determine the time taken for onset of autokinesis in the disorientation simulator (Air Fox DISO) and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies to break the illusion. Material and Methods: A total of 103 randomly selected fighter pilots participated in the study. They were briefed about the illusion and the various interventions used to counteract it, such as: (a) Shrugging of shoulders without breaking gaze, (b) stretching of arms without breaking gaze, (c) breaking of gaze for 5 s and (d) breaking of gaze for 10 s (if the illusion is not broken after breaking of gaze for 5 s). Time taken for autokinesis to set in and the effectiveness of the interventions used were noted. Subjective feedback from the participating aircrew was also obtained on their experience on autokinesis illusion in active flying through a structured questionnaire. Results: The average time required for onset of the autokinesis illusion in the DISO was observed to be 20.3 ± 15.5 s (range 4.1–121.4 s). Of the 103 aircrew participants, 100 (97.1%) reported that the intervention of stretching of arms was effective, 94 aircrew (91.3%) reported that the intervention of shoulder shrug was effective in breaking the illusion and 99 aircrew (96.1%) were able to counter the illusion by breaking their gaze for duration of 5 s. Autokinesis was experienced in active flying by 17 aircrew, accounting for an incidence of 16.5%. This study reveals that autokinesis involves the interplay of vision, vestibular system, as well as the proprioceptive stimulus in counteracting this illusion. A combination of gaze break and shoulder shrug/arm stretch could be the most appropriate intervention strategy under such circumstances. The operational scenarios conducive for causing this illusion and the physiological basis for the various intervention strategies have been discussed. Conclusion: The autokinesis illusion though considered benign has got significant potential for distraction during operational flying. The intervention strategies discussed in the study are effective in breaking the illusion. The pilot community needs to be aware of the preconditions, mechanism, and effectiveness of the intervention strategies in countering this illusion.

scholarly journals Stream depletion rate with horizontal or slanted wells in confined aquifers near a stream

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 2347-2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Vertical Wells ◽  
Principle Of Superposition ◽  
Stream Depletion ◽  
Well Location ◽  
Depletion Rate ◽  
Drawdown Constraint ◽  
Steady Solutions ◽  
Time Required

Abstract. The stream depletion rate (SDR) associated with pumping from vertical wells located in an aquifer is commonly estimated, where a large drawdown near the well may, however, be produced. In this paper, the solution is first developed for describing the groundwater flow associated with a point source in a confined aquifer near a stream. Based on the principle of superposition, analytical solutions for horizontal and slanted wells are then developed by integrating the point source solution along the well axis. The solutions can be simplified to quasi-steady solutions by neglecting the exponential terms to describe the late-time drawdown, which can provide useful information in designing horizontal well location and length. The direction of the well axis can be determined from the best SDR subject to the drawdown constraint. It is found that hydraulic conductivity in the direction perpendicular to the stream plays a crucial role in influencing the time required for reaching quasi-steady SDR. In addition, the effects of the well length as well as the distance between the well and stream on the SDR are also examined.

scholarly journals Detailed Transmission Network Analysis of a Large Opiate-Driven Outbreak of HIV Infection in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (9) ◽  
pp. 1053-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellsworth M Campbell ◽  
Hongwei Jia ◽  
Anupama Shankar ◽  
Debra Hanson ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
High Resolution Reconstruction

We demonstrate that integration of laboratory, phylogenetic, and epidemiologic data sources allow detailed reconstruction of an outbreak. High-resolution reconstruction of outbreak phylodynamics allows prevention and intervention strategies to be tailored to community needs.

scholarly journals Management of Childhood Obesity—Time to Shift from Generalized to Personalized Intervention Strategies

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1200
Author(s):  
Mohamad Motevalli ◽  
Clemens Drenowatz ◽  
Derrick R. Tanous ◽  
Naim Akhtar Khan ◽  
Katharina Wirnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Physical Activity Intervention ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Personalized Intervention

As a major public health concern, childhood obesity is a multifaceted and multilevel metabolic disorder influenced by genetic and behavioral aspects. While genetic risk factors contribute to and interact with the onset and development of excess body weight, available evidence indicates that several modifiable obesogenic behaviors play a crucial role in the etiology of childhood obesity. Although a variety of systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported the effectiveness of several interventions in community-based, school-based, and home-based programs regarding childhood obesity, the prevalence of children with excess body weight remains high. Additionally, researchers and pediatric clinicians are often encountering several challenges and the characteristics of an optimal weight management strategy remain controversial. Strategies involving a combination of physical activity, nutritional, and educational interventions are likely to yield better outcomes compared to single-component strategies but various prohibitory limitations have been reported in practice. This review seeks to (i) provide a brief overview of the current preventative and therapeutic approaches towards childhood obesity, (ii) discuss the complexity and limitations of research in the childhood obesity area, and (iii) suggest an Etiology-Based Personalized Intervention Strategy Targeting Childhood Obesity (EPISTCO). This purposeful approach includes prioritized nutritional, educational, behavioral, and physical activity intervention strategies directly based on the etiology of obesity and interpretation of individual characteristics.

Simulating compliance behaviour for effective inspection strategies using agent based modelling

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther van Asselt ◽  
Sjoukje Osinga ◽  
Harry Bremmers
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Optimal Intervention ◽  
Compliance Behaviour

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to simulate compliance behaviour of entrepreneurs in the Netherlands based on the Table of Eleven: 11 factors determining compliance (based on economic, cognitive, social and institutional factors). Design/methodology/approach – An Agent-Based Model (ABM) was developed that could incorporate both individual and group behaviour and allowed to evaluate the effect of various intervention strategies. For this purpose, a case study on the compliance of pig farmers with antibiotics legislation in the Netherlands was used. Findings – The effect of social factors (acceptance of legislation and social influence) on compliance levels was tested as well as the number of inspectors. This showed that the model can help to choose the most optimal intervention strategy depending on the input parameters. Research limitations/implications – Further expansion of the model may be necessary, e.g. including economic factors, in order to reflect real-life situations more closely. Practical implications – The model can be used by inspection services to effectively implement their control programme. Originality/value – The developed ABM is a first attempt to simulate compliance behaviour and as such contributes to the current limited knowledge on effective intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Three principles for co-designing sustainability intervention strategies: Experiences from Southern Transylvania

AMBIO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1451-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. M. Lam ◽  
Andra I. Horcea-Milcu ◽  
Joern Fischer ◽  
Daniela Peukert ◽  
Daniel J. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Real World ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Leverage Points ◽  
Future State ◽  
Local Initiatives ◽  
Research Frameworks ◽  
Future 2

AbstractTransformational research frameworks provide understanding and guidance for fostering change towards sustainability. They comprise stages of system understanding, visioning and co-designing intervention strategies to foster change. Guidance and empirical examples for how to facilitate the process of co-designing intervention strategies in real-world contexts remain scarce, especially with regard to integrating local initiatives. We suggest three principles to facilitate the process of co-designing intervention strategies that integrate local initiatives: (1) Explore existing and envisioned initiatives fostering change towards the desired future; (2) Frame the intervention strategy to bridge the gap between the present state and desired future state(s), building on, strengthening and complementing existing initiatives; (3) Identify drivers, barriers and potential leverage points for how to accelerate progress towards sustainability. We illustrate our approach via a case study on sustainable development in Southern Transylvania. We conclude that our principles were useful in the case study, especially with regards to integrating initiatives, and could also be applied in other real-world contexts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Influenza Intervention Strategies in Turkey with Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Samanlioglu
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Medicine Physician ◽  
Criteria Weights ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Internal Medicine Physician

In this study, a fuzzy AHP-VIKOR method is presented to help decision makers (DMs), especially physicians, evaluate and rank intervention strategies for influenza. Selecting the best intervention strategy is a sophisticated multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem with potentially competing criteria. Two fuzzy MCDM methods, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) and fuzzy VIsekriterijumska optimizacija i KOmpromisno Resenje (F-VIKOR), are integrated to evaluate and rank influenza intervention strategies. In fuzzy AHP-VIKOR, F-AHP is used to determine the fuzzy criteria weights and F-VIKOR is implemented to rank the strategies with respect to the presented criteria. A case study is given where a professor of infectious diseases and clinical microbiology, an internal medicine physician, an ENT physician, a family physician, and a cardiologist in Turkey act as DMs in the process.

scholarly journals Assessing and Comparing COVID-19 Intervention Strategies Using a Varying Partial Consensus Fuzzy Collaborative Intelligence Approach

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Hsin-Chieh Wu ◽  
Yu-Cheng Wang ◽  
Tin-Chih Toly Chen
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Collaborative Intelligence ◽  
Partial Consensus ◽  
Intelligence Approach

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted our daily lives. For tackling the COVID-19 pandemic, various intervention strategies have been adopted by country (or city) governments around the world. However, whether an intervention strategy will be successful, acceptable, and cost-effective or not is still questionable. To address this issue, a varying partial consensus fuzzy collaborative intelligence approach is proposed in this study to assess an intervention strategy. In the varying partial consensus fuzzy collaborative intelligence approach, multiple decision makers express their judgments on the relative priorities of factors critical to an intervention strategy. If decision makers lack an overall consensus, the layered partial consensus approach is applied to aggregate their judgments for each critical factor. The number of decision makers that reach a partial consensus varies from a critical factor to another. Subsequently, the generalized fuzzy weighted assessment approach is proposed to evaluate the overall performance of an intervention strategy for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed methodology has been applied to compare 15 existing intervention strategies for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic.

Human-Centred Methods in Information Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Clarke ◽  
Brian Lehaney
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Potential Intervention ◽  
The Core ◽  
Boundary Setting ◽  
The Future

This paper is about determining the context and scope of an information systems study and choosing an intervention strategy based on the findings. At the core of this is a process of boundary setting, for which an approach which enables boundaries to be determined through critical participant analysis is recommended and described. Alternative potential intervention strategies are then discussed, and a description of how the choice of strategy was informed within a recent intervention is given. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings, and a summary and critique, both theoretical and practical, of the approaches available to enhance such studies in the future.

The inhibition of photosynthesis under water deficit conditions is more severe in flecked than uniform irradiance in rice (Oryza sativa) plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Sun ◽  
Qiangqiang Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Tabassum ◽  
Miao Ye ◽  
Shaobing Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Variable Light ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Water deficit is considered the major environmental factor limiting leaf photosynthesis, and the physiological basis for decreased photosynthesis under water deficit has been intensively studied with steady irradiance. Leaves within a canopy experience a highly variable light environment in magnitude and time, but the effect of water deficit on photosynthesis in fluctuating irradiance is not well understood. Two rice cultivars with different drought tolerance, Champa and Yangliangyou 6 (YLY6), were hydroponically grown under well-watered, 15% (m/v) and 20% PEG (polyethylene glycol, 6000 Da) induced water deficit conditions. The inhibition of steady-state photosynthesis in Champa is more severe than YLY6. The maximum Rubisco carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and maximum electron transport capacity (Jmax) were decreased under 20% PEG treatment in Champa, whereas less or no effect was observed in YLY6. The induction state (IS%, which indicates photosynthesis capacity after exposure of low-light period) of both leaf photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) was highly correlated, and was significantly decreased under water deficit conditions in both cultivars. Water deficit had no significant effect on the time required to reach 50 or 90% of the maximum photosynthetic rate (T50%,A and T90%,A) after exposure to high-light level, but significantly led to a greater decrease in photosynthetic rate in the low-light period under flecked irradiance (Amin-fleck) relative to photosynthetic rate in the same light intensity of continuously low-light period (Ainitial). The lower IS% of A and more severe decrease in Amin-fleck relative to Ainitial will lead to a more severe decrease in integrated CO2 fixation under water deficit in flecked compared with uniform irradiance.

Effect of Combining Nisin and/or Lysozyme with In-Package Pasteurization on Thermal Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Turkey Bologna†

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2503-2511 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNIL MANGALASSARY ◽  
INYEE HAN ◽  
JAMES RIECK ◽  
JAMES ACTON ◽  
XIUPING JIANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Time Required

Achieving a targeted lethality with minimum exposure to heat and preservation of product quality during pasteurization is a challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nisin and/or lysozyme in combination with in-package pasteurization of a ready-to-eat low-fat turkey bologna on the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes. Sterile bologna samples were initially treated with solutions of nisin (2 mg/ml = 5,000 AU/ml = 31.25 AU/cm2), lysozyme (10 mg/ml = 80 AU/ml = 0.5 AU/cm2), and a mixture of nisin and lysozyme (2 mg/ml nisin + 10 mg/ml lysozyme = 31.75 AU/cm2). Bologna surfaces were uniformly inoculated with a Listeria suspension resulting in a population of approximately 0.5 log CFU/cm2. Samples were vacuum packaged and subjected to heat treatment (60, 62.5, or 65°C). Two nonlinear models (Weibull and log logistic) were used to analyze the data. From the model parameters, the time needed to achieve a 4-log reduction was calculated. The nisin-lysozyme combination and nisin treatments were effective in reducing the time required for 4-log reductions at 62.5 and 65°C but not at 60°C. At 62.5°C, nisin-lysozyme–treated samples required 23% less time than did the control sample to achieve a 4-log reduction and 31% less time at 65°C. Lysozyme alone did not enhance antilisterial activity with heat. Results from this study can be useful to the industry for developing an efficient intervention strategy against contamination of ready-to-eat meat products by L. monocytogenes.

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